1. Dr. R.A. Bartholomew - Civil Air Patrol, New Jersey Wing1 Cadet Phase I & II Aerospace Dimensions Spacecraft (Module 6)  Session 1:  Chapter 1 ‘Unmanned Spacecraft’  Session 2:  Chapter 2 ‘Manned Spacecraft’  Session 3:  Chapter 3 ‘Living and Working in Space’ (ONLY for all Cadets that have not yet passed corresponding AE test, and Cadet Mentors)

2. Dr. R.A. Bartholomew - Civil Air Patrol, New Jersey Wing2 Unmanned Spacecraft  Satellites - An object that orbits around another  Artificial Satellites - man-made device that orbits around the Earth (or other body)  1st Artificial Satellite was the Russian ‘Sputnik’  Several possible uses, such as communications, imaging, navigation, as selected by the user  COMSATs - Communications Satellite, receive, amplify, remove errors and re-broadcast communications signals (e.g. TV Telephone) from one point on the Earth to another –Telstar 1 was the world’s first commercial communications satellite –INTELSAT - International Network of 109 nations with 16 Satellites used for Voice and Television communications –Deep Space Network (DSN) - 3 NASA Satellites dedicated to providing communications service to Deep Space Probes

3. Dr. R.A. Bartholomew - Civil Air Patrol, New Jersey Wing3 Unmanned Spacecraft  NAVSTAR, GPS - Global Positioning System –Constellation of Military/Civilian Satellites that provide for an accurate position fix anywhere on the Earth’s surface with a GPS receiver –Forerunner was ‘Transit’ which provided position information for Polaris Missiles  LANDSAT - Imaging Satellites that are used to monitor the Earth’s surface (Natural Resource Satellites) –Primarily used for Environmental Monitoring, e.g. Crops or Urban Development – Closely related are Weather Satellites which monitor Earth’s atmosphere, e.g. Tiros and GOES  Orbiting Solar Observatory (OSO) –Special NASA Satellite dedicated to observing the Sun, Visually, X-Ray, Ultraviolet and Gamma Rays LANDSAT GOES

4. Dr. R.A. Bartholomew - Civil Air Patrol, New Jersey Wing4 Unmanned Spacecraft  Space Probes - Similar to Satellites, but intended to travel between Planets, sometimes fly-by or enter orbit, and sometimes to land  Essentially Robot Spacecraft, designed to collect information about distant worlds, and transmit it back to the Earth  Ranger - Explored the Moon prior to the Apollo Missions  Mariner - Explored Venus and Mercury  Pioneer - Explored Jupiter and Saturn  Viking - Explored Mars, including a Lander which touched down on the planet’s surface  Voyager - Explored Jupiter and Saturn

5. Dr. R.A. Bartholomew - Civil Air Patrol, New Jersey Wing5 Unmanned Spacecraft  Satellites as a System - All the parts that make them work, and the environment they must work in:  People - Designers, Manufacturers, Launch Crew, Operators, Customers  Space Environment - Hazardous: Vacuum, Micro-Gravity, Radiation, Solar Energy/Flares, Meteorites/Debris impact, Atmospheric Drag  Sub-Systems - –Structure - the physical body of the satellite, and its protection, –Propulsion - Boosts Satellite into correct orbit AFTER initial Launch, –Attitude Control - Minor position adjustments, –Power - normally electrical power to work onboard systems, –Thermal Control - Protection from Extreme Cold and Heat of Space, –Mission Package - e.g. Imaging, Communications Relay  Command and Control - Data (telemetry) to ground control, control instructions (propulsion, attitude and onboard systems activation/shutdown)  Launch - The Vehicle used to get the satellite into orbit, presently, this is always a rocket

6. Dr. R.A. Bartholomew - Civil Air Patrol, New Jersey Wing6 Unmanned Spacecraft  Orbits and Trajectories  Copernicus’ ‘Heliocentric’ theory - Early theory that the Sun was the center of the Universe, and everything else revolved around it - WRONG! (but a promising start)  Kepler’s 1st Law - ‘The orbit of each planet is an ellipse, with the Sun at the focus’  Elliptical Orbits - A Satellites Altitude and Velocity vary, and the shape of the orbit can vary considerably, depending on the type of orbit desired –Lowest point is called the Perigee –Highest point is called the Apogee  Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation - Explains the gravitational ‘pull’ between bodies –The forces of Gravity always act towards the center of the body, in our case, towards the center of the Earth

7. Dr. R.A. Bartholomew - Civil Air Patrol, New Jersey Wing7 Unmanned Spacecraft  Important Names (Quiz):  Satellite  Orbit  Apogee  Perigee  Sputnik  Comsat  Intelsat  Navstar  Landsat  GOES

8. Dr. R.A. Bartholomew - Civil Air Patrol, New Jersey Wing8 Manned Spacecraft  Project Mercury - America’s first manned space program  6 manned flights over 2 years  First flight - Lt. Cdr. Alan B. Shepard USN, 15 minute, sub-orbital flight, on a Mercury Redstone  Third flight (now using an Atlas rocket) - Lt. Col John Glenn USMC, 1st to orbit (3 orbits)  Last Flight - Capt. ‘Gordo’ Cooper USAF, 22 orbits  Project Gemini - 2 man capsule, with a more powerful Titan II rocket  10 flights in total  missions lasted for several days  1st docking of two spacecraft achieved  invaluable data for ‘long’ duration space- flight

9. Dr. R.A. Bartholomew - Civil Air Patrol, New Jersey Wing9 Manned Spacecraft  Project Apollo - Powerful new ‘Saturn’ rockets intended to ‘put a man on the moon’  3 man crew  included Command Module and Lunar Lander  Apollo 1 - terrible disaster killed 3 astronauts  Apollo 11 - July 20th 1969, successfully landed two men on the Moon (Aldrin and Armstrong) while astronaut Collins orbited in the command module  Neil Armstrong was the first to walk on the surface  Apollo 13 - near disaster following an explosion in space, but the crew survived due to incredible skill and ingenuity of both the 3 man crew and the ground support team - they never landed on the Moon, but used their Lander as a ‘Lifeboat’

10. Dr. R.A. Bartholomew - Civil Air Patrol, New Jersey Wing10 Manned Spacecraft  Project Skylab - manned orbiting Laboratory  launched May 1973  used Apollo-Saturn equipment  size of a 3 bedroom house  missions lasted up to 84 days  crew of 3  Proved a crew could survive in space for at least 3 months  Project Apollo-Soyuz - US and Soviet spacecraft docking while in orbit  occurred July 1975  craft remained docked for 2 days  unprecedented US/Soviet cooperation during Cold War

11. Dr. R.A. Bartholomew - Civil Air Patrol, New Jersey Wing11 Manned Spacecraft  Space Shuttle (Orbiter) - partially reusable, manned US launch system  First flight to space in April 1981, astronauts John Young and Bob Crippen  Combined Liquid and Solid rockets provide propulsion for launch  reentry is un-powered, relying on the aerodynamic shape of the orbiter to glide to a runway landing  Columbia, Challenger, Discovery, Atlantis and Endeavor have flown in space  Columbia and Challenger were both lost, with the tragic loss of all crewmembers  Discovery deployed the ‘Hubble’ Space Telescope in April 1990

12. Dr. R.A. Bartholomew - Civil Air Patrol, New Jersey Wing12 Manned Spacecraft  Soviet (Russian) Space Program - main competitor to US Program  Worlds first satellite in space (Sputnik) 1957  Worlds first man in space (Yuri Gagarin) 1961  Worlds first space-walk (Alexei Leonov) 1965  Worlds first space station (Salyut 1) 1971  Most recent and largest Soviet/ Russian space station was Mir, which actually docked with the US Space Shuttle and hosted astronauts from several countries including the US  The workhorse of the Soviet/Russian space program was and is the Soyuz

13. Dr. R.A. Bartholomew - Civil Air Patrol, New Jersey Wing13 Manned Spacecraft  Important Names (Quiz):  Mercury  Gemini  Apollo  Skylab  Apollo-Soyuz  Space Shuttle

14. Dr. R.A. Bartholomew - Civil Air Patrol, New Jersey Wing14 Living and Working in Space  Space Stations - A home and workplace in Space  Salyut and Mir - starting in 1971, the Soviet Union launched a series of Space Stations called ‘Salyut’, with each new station an improvement on the last  Mir replaced Salyut, initially about the same size, but later enlarged with a series of ‘Modules’  Aestronauts/Cosmonauts from many countries visited Mir, including the United States  Skylab - US Space Station launched in 1993, used mainly for scientific experiments  Spacelab - a European research ‘module’ carried in the payload bay of the Space Shuttle, a temporary facility that flew several times

15. Dr. R.A. Bartholomew - Civil Air Patrol, New Jersey Wing15 Living and Working in Space  Living and Working on Space Stations  Microgravity (virtual weightlessness) exists on Space Stations  Normal Air, and Heat inside, so spacesuits are replaced by t-shirts  Sleeping Bags, Toilets, Exercise Machines and a Galley for the Crew  Extravehicular Activities (EVA) - ‘Spacewalking’ outside the station/vehicle  First Spacewalk by Aleksie Leonov in 1965  Space is a VERY hostile environment  Spacesuits - provide protection, air and heat/cooling  Evolved from suits developed for high altitude pilots  Balance of protection vs flexibility  Manned Maneuvering Unit (MMU) -  Backpack that allows astronauts to ‘fly’ in space outside the Space Shuttle  Developed by NASA, first used in 1984

16. Dr. R.A. Bartholomew - Civil Air Patrol, New Jersey Wing16 Living and Working in Space  The Future in Space  Space Stations - Bigger, better, collaborative  Alpha (ISS) - International project, started in Nov. 1998  US and Russia shares responsibility for launching components  US launches and recovers crew (combined US Russian)  Russia provides most resupply flight, emergency escape vehicle, and garbage disposal  Other countries will become steadily more involved, providing modules and crew  Launch Vehicles - Cheaper, Flexible, Reusable  X-37 - Unmanned technology demonstrator, tests ideas for eventual shuttle replacement

17. Dr. R.A. Bartholomew - Civil Air Patrol, New Jersey Wing17 Living and Working in Space  Important Names (Quiz):  Space Station Alpha  Mir  Salyut  Skylab  Spacelab  EVA  MMU  Spacesuit