1. GENETIC ENGINEERING

2. Genetic Engineering Some techniques in GE use bacteria and viruses to transfer genetic information Bacteria- biotic Viruses- abiotic

3. Bacteria and Viruses Both have the ability to reproduce very quickly- GE uses this to its advantage! Most bacteria reproduce asexually, called binary fission (sexual reproduction is possible) Viruses must have a host to reproduce

4. Recombinant DNA Bacteria contain DNA and a circular section of DNA called a plasmid Plasmids are used in recombinant DNA techniques

5. Recombinant DNA

6. Bacterial transformation process by which bacterial cells take up DNA molecules If the foreign DNA is recognized by the host cell, the bacteria will replicate the foreign DNA along with their own DNA Transformation can occur through conjugation

7. Bacterial Conjugation transfer of genetic material between bacterial cells by direct cell-to-cell contact or by a bridge-like connection

8. Cloning

9. Dolly: A cloned sheep July 5 th, 1996 - February 14 th, 2003 First mammal cloned from adult cell Took 277 attempts before success chromosomes were a little shorter than those of other sheep Not exact copy?!

10. Other clones

11. Hybrids offspring of two different species usually produced through human manipulation – Hybrids can happen naturally but it is extremely rare Can plants be hybrids? Can animals be hybrids? Successful hybrids are only created when the species used are extremely similar in genetic information

12. Hybrids Hybrid offspring are usually sterile Naming hybrids: Male species + female species Ex. Male lion + female tiger= liger

13. Real Hybrids Liger Male lion+ female tiger Tigon Male tiger+ female lion Leopon Male leopard + female lion

14. Real Hybrids Wholpin Male killer whale + female bottlenose dolphin Grolar (or pizzly) Male grizzly bear+ female polar bear Cama Male Camel + Female llama

15. Real Hybrids Zony Male zebra+ female pony Zorse Male zebra + female horse

16. What is the most common hybrid I haven’t named yet? A Mule!

17. SELECTIVE BREEDING Organisms are selected to breed due to a desirable trait that they contain Ex. If you wanted black dogs you would select black dogs to mate If you wanted small birds you would select small birds to mate