1. “Amazing Schemes Within Your Genes”
Genetic Engineering
“Amazing Schemes Within Your Genes”

2. What is genetic engineering?
Moving small pieces of DNA from one organism into another organism

3. What is recombinant DNA technology?
Same thing as genetic engineering
Recombinant DNA – made by connecting (splicing) fragments of DNA from different sources

4. How does recombinant DNA work?
DNA is inserted into an organism
Organism uses foreign DNA as if it were its own

6. What are these new things called?
Transgenic organisms
contain recombinant DNA (initial + “foreign”)

7. How do scientists move DNA (genes) to make transgenic organisms?
Isolate source of foreign DNA to be inserted
Join DNA with a vehicle that can transport it
Transfer DNA (from chromosomes) into new host

9. How is DNA isolated?
Restriction enzymes are used

10. What are restriction enzymes?
Proteins that come from bacteria
They recognize, bind to and cut DNA into smaller fragments at certain points
>200 different enzymes
Examples are: EcoRI, HinD III, Bam HI, Bgl II

11. Isolate source of DNA
Ex: EcoRI – cuts between G and A whenever it sees CTTAAG
A G G T C T T A A G C T A G C
T C C A G A A T T C G A T C G

12. Isolate source of DNA Don’t cut straight through both DNA strands
Cut is offset by a few bases
“Sticky” ends are produced
C T T A A G
G A A T T C
C T T A A G
G A A T T C

13. Ex: AluI – cuts between C and G whenever it sees AGCT
Isolate source of DNA
Ex: AluI – cuts between C and G whenever it sees AGCT
A G C T
T C G A
A G C T
T C G A
“Blunt” ends are produced

14. Isolate source of DNA Sticky Ends
DNA can form circle because complementary bases OR
DNA can pair with any other DNA fragment cut by the same enzyme (same bases exposed) = Recombinant DNA

15. REFRESHER: How do scientists move DNA (genes)?
Isolate source of DNA
Answer: through Restriction Enzymes
Join DNA to a vehicle that can transport it
Answer: ???
Transfer DNA (from chromosomes) into target cell

16. Join DNA to a transport vehicle
Vector
– means by which DNA from one organism gets to target/host cell

17. Types of Vectors Mechanical Micropipette inserted into cell
Gene gun shoots tiny metal bullet coated w/ DNA
Biological
Virus
Plasmid

18. What is a plasmid?
A small ring of DNA found in bacteria, which only carries genes under extreme circumstances
Both plasmid and foreign DNA are cleaved w/ same restriction enzyme
They are spliced using a “glue” called a ligase (enzyme)

19. How do we know if foreign DNA has been successfully transferred?
Host cell copies recombinant DNA and its own DNA
Clones are created as host continues to divide (all w/ desired DNA)
Foreign DNA codes for the production of a specific protein – test the cloned cells to see if they produce protein or not

20. And the final product is…
Newly recombined DNA that undergoes mitosis, producing multiple copies of new DNA
Bacteria is considered a good host because it reproduces quickly

21. Genetically Engineered