1. Introduction to UNSCR 1325 ++
Chris Coulter, PhD

2. Historical Overview
”We the peoples of the United Nations determined to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war which twice in our lifetime has brought untold sorrow to mankind, and to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person, in the equal rights of men and women and of nations large and small..”

3. “… we call on the Governments of the world to encourage women everywhere to take a more active part in national and international affairs, and on women who are conscious of their opportunities to come forward and share in the work of peace and reconstruction as they did in war and resistance.”
Eleanor Roosevelt 1946

4. The Cold War
The Commission
on the Status of
Women (CSW)
1946

5. UN Decade for Women “Equality, Development and Peace” (declared by UN General Assembly) From: Development served to advance women To: Development not possible without women

6. Women’s World Conferences Mexico City 1975: International Women’s year
Copenhagen 1980
Nairobi 1985:
All issues women’s issues,
Peace & UNIFEM
Beijing 1995:
The Beijing Platform for Action.
”Women’s rights as human rights”
From the left: Mrs. Helvi Sipila, Finland, Secretary-General of the first conference held in Mexico City in 1975; Mrs. Lucille Mair, Jamaica, Secretary-General of the second conference in Copenhagen in 1980; Mrs. Leticia Shahani, Philippines, Secretary-General of the third conference in Nairobi in 1985; and Mrs. Gertrude Mongella of the United Republic of Tanzania, Secretary-General of the Fourth Conference in Beijing.

7. Declaration on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (1967)
Convention on the Elimination of all Discrimination Against Women ‘CEDAW’ (1979)
’Declaration on the Elimination of Violence
against Women’ (1993)
Beijing Platform for Action (1995)
From ”women” to ”gender”
”Gender mainstreaming” (ECOSOC)

8. 1990s-
Activism & women’s organizations for peace
Violence against women in conflict (Bosnia & Rwanda) and “women’s rights as human rights”
Prostitution and trafficking of women during UN Peace operations

9. 1995-2000 Beijing 1995 PFA, Chapter E: women and armed conflict
Gender mainstreaming of policy and peace operations
1st Gender Advisors in UN operations
Arria Formula meetings (2000)
Windhoek Declaration and the Namibia Plan of Action

10. UNSCR 1325 on ”Women, peace and security” October 31, 2000
Political document (i.e. combination of debates, views, normative standpoints and includes several issue areas)
Friendly states: Namibia,
Most translated,
First time recognized as relevant in the context of international peace and security by the most powerful UN actor – the Security Council

11. UNSCR 1325
Relates to international law and ongoing developments such as the UN Charter, Beijing conference, Geneva Conventions, Rome Statute & CEDAW
MAIN THEMES:
Participation (entire peace process)
Protection (incl. ‘prevention’ and ‘protection’)
Gender mainstreaming (both men and women’s needs have to be addressed)

12. UNSCR 1325 Peacekeeping DDR Broader security issues:
Transitional justice
Post-conflict governance
VAW

13. UNSCR 1325
Participation in peace and security related decision making at all levels
Protection addresses women's needs and the provision of assistance during and after conflicts
Prevention is discussed broadly with regards to avoiding violence and transforming conflicts peacefully

14. PPP draws conceptually from and is also influenced by 4 key areas related to peace and security:
Human Security Framework
Conflict Transformation Discourse
Humanitarian Accountability
Women's Rights

15. Freedom from want and Freedom from fear Human Security:
Kofi Annan (2000)

16. Conflict Transformation
includes traditional elements of conflict resolution: mediation, dialogue, negotiation.
goes beyond tradition by drawing attention to issues of rights and justice, promoting inclusive decision- making and participation.

17. Humanitarian Accountability
Key element of the women, peace and security discourse.
Arises from the basic protection needs in emergency and civil war situations
Guidelines and codes of conduct
Increased understanding of the urgency and centrality of women's basic needs

18. Women's Rights
Many issues in Universal Declaration of Human Rights remain unaddressed
During Cold War focus on civil and political issues
Public – private divide
Demand for specific attention to women’s rights in the 1970s
CEDAW: a bill of rights for women

19. Beijing 1995: Platform for Action
Poverty
Lack of mechanisms to promote women effectively
Education
Inadequate respect for women’s human rights
Health care
Violence
Stereotyping and inequality in media
Armed conflict
Unequal access to resources, power and decisionmaking structures
Environmental concerns
Discrimination against the girl child

20. Beijing PFA – Chapter E: Women and Armed Conflict
Peace is inextricably linked with equality between women and men and development

21. UNSCR 1325 (2000) Then what? The role of women’s organizations
UN system (gender advisers, gender mainstreaming and policy structures)
Regional organizations - OSCE 2004, EU 2005, African Charter
UNWOMEN: Violence against women campaign
Start to address misbehavior, use and abuse by peace operations personnel of local women (SEA)

22. 43 Action Plans

23. § 1. Urges Member States to ensure increased representation of women … § 8. Calls on all actors involved, when negotiating and implementing peace agreements… §13 Encourages all those involved in the planning for disarmament, demobilization and reintegration …

24. 2008-2014 International debates on Protection of Civilians
Increased understanding of the role of sexual violence in conflict (DRC, Timor-Leste, Kosovo) in combination with increased media attention
New central players: France (EU presidency), the US (Rice and Clinton), Liberia etc, ‘Chatham house’, UK Initiative
Sister resolutions: 1820, 1888, 1889, 1960, 2106, 2122
AU: African Union Gender Policy 2009 & NATO (SG, Euro- Atlantic Partnership Council, SHAPE): Bi SC Directive 40-1 (Sept 2009)
CEDAW: General Recommendation no. 30
Post MDGs 2015
Post MDGs should include language and include targets
Equally important
MDGs in the development framework
CEDAW in the human rigths framework
1325 in the security council framework

25. ”Women, Peace & Security Agenda” Resolutions:
1325 (2000) Original resolution – participation, protection & gender mainstreaming
1820 (2008) Protection – sexual violence
1888 (2009) Protection – sexual violence (implementation)
Reaffirms the importance of 1325(2000) and 1820 (2008)
1889 (2009) Peace building, 1325 anniversary & indicators
1960 (2010) Sexual violence (ending impunity)
2106 (2013) – Accountability, focus on perpetrators of sexual violence, women’s economic and political empowerment
2122 (2013) – More systematic approach to the implementation of women, peace and security
2122: citerad i 8 efterföljande resolutioner
NAPs
Sexual violence
USA NAP 2011

26. Women as actors or as victims? Whose security?

27. Peace is not the absence of war
Peace is not the absence of war. It is the presence of justice and the absence of fear.
Dr. Ursula Franklin

28. Gender Responsive Demilitarisation, Demobilisation and Reintegration programmes

29. Gender Specialists Donor Support Gender Responsive M&E
Gender Responsive DDR
Appropriate Service Delivery
Gender Training
Gender Specialists
Gender Responsive Needs Assessment & Programme Design
Gender Responsive M&E
Gender Responsive Budget
Donor Support
Coordina-tion Mechanism with CSOs
Commitment to UNSCR 1325

30. Gender Responsive Intervention – 7 Key Steps
1. Gender Mainstreaming
2. Female-Specific Eligibility Criteria
3. Gender-Responsive Need Assessment
4. Programme Design
5. Gender Training
6. Gender Responsive Budget
7. Gender Responsive M&E

31. Gender Mainstreaming – A Holistic Approach
1. Understand how and why women & girls’ needs are different from men & boys 2. Creating an isolated women’s subcomponent is not Gender Mainstreaming 3. Favoring women over men is not Gender Mainstreaming 4. Female-specific intervention may still be necessary to reach target group 5. Women are not a homogenous group 6. Gender Mainstreaming is also for Men & Boys

32. Gender responsive DDR YES NO 1. Does she possess any type of weapon?
Eligible for disarmament
Eligible for demobilisation
2. Was the use of weapons an important part of her job?
Eligible for
Reintegration
3. Does she have any experiences of using weapons? / Did she undergo any weapons training
5. Is she socially and financially dependent on a male ex-combatant?
4. Did she perform essential support functions during the conflict?

33. Gender Responsive Needs Assessment
Collaborate with women’s groups
Ensure that at least 30% are women in any decision making body & transitional government
Use participatory methods to increase women’s participation

34. What to Assess:
1. Gender composition of armed groups
2. Socio-economic/political status
3. Gendered Division of Labor
4. Capacities of Local Women’s Groups
5. Level of Gender-Based Violence
6. Specific needs of Male and Female Ex-combatants, Supporters, Dependents

35. Programme Design
Information Campaign to reach women and women’s NGOs – community mobilization
Female Staff at the weapon collection sites
Collect women’s knowledge of trading routes & hidden SALW

36. Programme Design - cont
Separate accommodation & ablution areas for women and men
Counseling by female staff
Reproductive health care
Separate transportation facilities
Gender Training (both men and women)

37. Programme Design – Economic Reintegration
Vocational & Literacy Trainings with Childcare Services
Women’s Access to land & credit
Sensitization of community and potential employers
Coordination with development agencies ex. livelihood programmes

38. Programme Design – Social Reintegration
Understand changed and unchanged gender roles and relations in post conflict societies
Long-term psychological rehabilitation
Support women to cope with sick, injured, traumatized and HIV positive combatants, especially in contexts with high numbers of children associated with fighting forces