1. Genetics and Biotechnology
13.2 DNA Technology
Genetic Engineering

2. Genetics and Biotechnology
13.2 DNA Technology
Genetic Engineering
Technology that involves manipulating the DNA of one organism in order to insert the DNA of another organism

3. The smaller fragments move farther faster than the larger ones.
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.2 DNA Technology
An electric current is used to separate DNA fragments according to the size of the fragments in a process called gel electrophoresis.
When an electric current is applied, the DNA fragments move toward the positive end of the gel.
The smaller fragments move farther faster than the larger ones.

4. Gel Electrophoresis

5. Gel Electrophoresis

6. Genetics and Biotechnology
13.2 DNA Technology
Gel electrophoresis
The unique pattern created based on the size of the DNA fragment can be compared to known DNA fragments for identification.

7. DNA fingerprinting
Gel Electrophoresis is an example of how this is done.
Every person is genetically different, so DNA fingerprints are different except for identical twins.

8. DNA fingerprinting applications
used to identify or eliminate suspects
determine paternity of a child, or establish other family relationships
identify a deceased person

9. Genetically engineered organisms are used
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.2 DNA Technology
Genetically engineered organisms are used
to study the expression of a particular gene.
to select traits that might be beneficial to humans.
Genetically engineered
bollworm

10. Genome total DNA in the nucleus of each cell.
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.2 DNA Technology
DNA Tools
Genome total DNA in the nucleus of each cell.
Transgenic Tobacco Plant with Firefly gene

11. Isolate specific genes of the genome.
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.2 DNA Technology
Restriction enzymes recognize and bind to specific DNA sequences and cuts the DNA within the sequence.
Isolate specific genes of the genome.
Used for recombinant DNA or gene cloning.

12. EcoRI specifically cuts DNA containing the sequence GAATTC.
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.2 DNA Technology
EcoRI specifically cuts DNA containing the sequence GAATTC.
The ends of the DNA fragments, called sticky ends

13. Restriction Enzyme Ends
Some ends are considered blunt also because it does not leave “open” nucleotides

14. Genetics and Biotechnology
13.2 DNA Technology
The newly generated DNA molecule with DNA from different sources is called recombinant DNA.

15. Genetic Engineering AKA: Recombinant DNA or transgenic organisms
DNA is split(restriction enzymes) /new inserted

16. Applications of recombinant DNA
Bacteria: used to produce hormones and antibiotics
Plants: made to be resistant to herbicides
Animals: cloning, replacement of genes which cause disorders

17. Genetics and Biotechnology
13.2 DNA Technology
Some of the bacterial cells take up the recombinant plasmid DNA through a process called transformation.

18. Genetics and Biotechnology
13.2 DNA Technology
Large numbers of identical bacteria, each containing the inserted DNA molecules, can be produced through a process called cloning.

19. Cloning
Cloning is an asexual form of reproduction. All the child's genes would come from a body cell of a single individual:

20. Dolly –1st clone

21. Genetics and Biotechnology
13.2 DNA Technology
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) a technique for copying a piece of DNA a billion-fold.
The process creates a chain of many nucleotides, and the chain is a strand of DNA.
Used in genetic fingerprinting

22. Genetics and Biotechnology
13.2 DNA Technology
Biotechnology
Organisms, genetically engineered by inserting a gene from another organism, are called transgenic organisms.

23. Mice, fruit flies, and the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.2 DNA Technology
Transgenic Animals
Scientists produce most transgenic animals in laboratories for biological research.
Mice, fruit flies, and the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans

24. Genetically engineered cotton resists insect infestation of the bolls.
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.2 DNA Technology
Transgenic Plants
Genetically engineered cotton resists insect infestation of the bolls.
Sweet-potato plants are resistant to a virus that could kill most of the African harvest.
Rice plants with increased iron and vitamins could decrease malnutrition.

25. The Human Genome Project
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.3 The Human Genome
The Human Genome Project
The goal of the Human Genome Project (HGP) was to determine the sequence of the approximately three billion nucleotides that make up human DNA and to identify all of the approximately 20,000–25,000 human genes.

26. Decoding the sequence of the human genome can be compared to
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.3 The Human Genome
Decoding the sequence of the human genome can be compared to
reading a book that was printed in code.

27. A technique aimed at correcting mutated genes that cause human
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.3 The Human Genome
A technique aimed at correcting mutated genes
that cause human
diseases is called gene
therapy.
Scientists insert a normal gene into a chromosome to replace a dysfunctional gene.
Genomics is the study of an organism’s genome.

28. Genetics and Biotechnology
13.2 DNA Technology