1. Ch 13 Genetic Engineering
Vocab: selective breeding, hybridization, inbreeding, genetic engineering, restriction enzyme, gel electrophoresis, recombinant DNA, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), plasmid, genetic marker, transgenic, clone

2. 13-1 Changing the Living World
Humans use selective breeding, which takes advantage of naturally occurring genetic variation in plants, animals, and other organisms, to pass desired traits to the next generation of organisms.

3. Ex: dog breeding, horse breeding – choose parents for their traits, attempts to make disease resistant plants that have a high production rate

4. Hybridization = crossing dissimilar organisms
Inbreeding = continued breeding of individuals with similar characteristics… has resulted in the combination of recessive alleles with genetic defects: weepy eyes in dogs

5. Inbreeding Persian Cat flat face= breathing problems Shar-pei
Huge rolls of skin=
Skin disease
Basset hound
Droopy, baggy eyes=
Prone to eye infection

6. Breeders can increase the genetic variation in a population by inducing mutation which are the ultimate source of genetic variability… use radiation and chemicals.
New bacteria – oil-digesting to clean up oil spills
Polyploidy plants – larger and stronger plants

8. 13-2 Manipulating DNA
Scientists use their knowledge of the structure of DNA and its chemical properties to study and change DNA molecules. Different techniques are used to extract DNA from cells, to cut DNA into smaller pieces, to identify the sequence of bases in a DNA molecule, and to make unlimited copies of DNA.

9. Genetic engineering = making changes in the DNA code of a living organism
Extract DNA from cells
Cutting DNA with restriction enzymes
Separate DNA using gel electrophoresis
Identify the sequence using different dyes that attach to nitrogen bases
Make copies using polymerase chain reaction

10. Restriction Digest and Gel Electrophoresis

11. DNA sequencing

12. 13-3 Cell Transformation
During transformation, a cell takes in DNA from outside the cell. This external DNA becomes a component of the cell’s DNA.

13. Transformation

14. Scientists can synthesize a DNA strand and connect it to a circular DNA molecule known as a plasmid… which can be found naturally in bacteria. This bacteria can then be injected into a plant, and will insert its DNA into the plant.
If transformation is successful, the recombinant DNA is integrated into one of the chromosomes of the cell.

15. 13-4 Applications of Genetic Engineering
Genetic engineering has spurred the growth of biotechnology, which is a new industry that is changing the way we interact with the living world.
Humans construct organisms that are transgenic and have genes from other species.
Transgenic bacteria are being used to produce insulin, growth hormone, and clotting factor.

16. Transgenic animals: mice, livestock
Transgenic plants: 52% of soybeans and 25% corn is transgenic or genetically modified.

17. Clone = a member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell.

18. Cloning animals

19. Bacteria naturally clone as do plants, multicellular organisms are more difficult; 1997 Dolly the sheep was cloned
The possibilities raise many ethical and moral issues.