1. Supernationalism
Future of world’s sovereign states challenged by globalization
States are willingly transferring authority to regional organizations
Established primarily through economic cooperation
Why Do States Cooperate with Each Other?

2. Supranationalism Definition
Growing trend to organize political and economic affairs at the international level rather than national level
Refer to entities in which three or more countries form an alliance for cultural, economic, or military reasons.
Created so that states can collectively reach a common goal they may not be able to reach independently
Issues
If a country threatens other states, supranational organizations may impose sanctions
Punishments in the form of economic and/or diplomatic limits
Example: Iraq
Growth of Supranational alliances challenges conceptions of state sovereignty
Often must give up some powers
Example: European Union
Countries were reluctant to give up their currencies and covert to the Euro

3. Political and Military Cooperation
International and regional organizations were established primarily to prevent a third world war in the twentieth century and protect countries from a foreign attack
Some examples:
League of Nations (post WWI)
United Nations
Warsaw Pact
NATO
ASEAN
European Union
African Union

4. United Nations Three major increases
Created at the end of WWII by Allies
Comprised 49 states in 1945
By 2007 had 192 members
Three major increases
1955: liberated European countries
1960: 17 new countries from Africa
1990s: 26 former communist countries and microstates
Today more than 200 member states
Most extensive supranational organization ever established

5. United Nations Members can vote to establish a peace-keeping force
Can request states to contribute military forces
Plays an important part in trying to separate warring groups in Eastern Europe, Middle East, and sub-Saharan Africa
UN often lacks enough troops to maintain peace
Any one of 5 members of permanent security council can veto peace operations
Tries to maintain neutrality
Difficult in many cases
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Despite shortcomings represents a forum where all states can meet and vote on issues without resorting to war

6. Regional Military Alliances
In addition to joining the United Nations, many states joined military regional alliances after WWII
Led to emergence of two superpowers U.S. and U.S.S.R.
Era of Two Superpowers
Both U.S. and U.S.S.R. deployed forces into different regions of the world
Balance of power
Roughly equal strength between opposing alliances
Both demonstrated they would use military power if needed
U.S.S.R.
Hungary, Czechoslovakia
U.S.
Dominican Republic, Grenada Panama

8. Military Cooperation in Europe
Post WWII most European States joined one of two military alliances
NATO
Designed to maintain a bipolar balance in Europe
Agreement between 16 states
Prevent Soviet Union from overrunning West Germany and other smaller countries
Expanded to include former Communist countries
Warsaw Pact
Military agreement among Communist Eastern European to defend each other
7 members in 1955
Provided Soviet Union with a buffer of allied states between it and Germany
disbanded

10. Regional Organizations
Organization on Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE)
56 members
Includes U.S., Canada, and Russia
Founded in 1975
Plays limited role
Forum for countries concerned with conflicts
Especially in Caucasus and Balkans
Organization of American States (OAS)
35 states in Western Hemisphere
Cuba was a member, suspended 1962
Promotes social, cultural, political, and economic links among member states
Africa Union (AU)
53 Countries
Established in 2002
Replaced Organization of African Unity (1963)
Founded to seek an end to Colonialism and apartheid in Africa
New organization has placed more emphasis on promoting economic integration in Africa
China’s involvement?
Commonwealth
UK and 52 once British colonies
Economic and cultural cooperation

11. Economic Cooperation
Economic power is becoming more important than military power
China, Japan and Germany superpowers
Russia has slipped in strength
Leading superpower not US or Russia but the EU led by Germany
Economic supranationalism
the integration of three of more states for achieving collective economic goals
Example: European Union

12. European Union Formerly known as: Established in 1958
European Economic Community (1958)
Also called Common Market
European Community
Once more states joined
Established in 1958
Included: Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and West Germany
Designed to heal scars of WWII
A European parliament is elected by the people in each of the member states simultaneously
Main goal is to promote development within the member states through economic cooperation
Became European Union in 1992
Had economic, political, cultural, and judicial integration goals
The Euro
Might become a military alliance as well in future

13. Members of EU Members New member states Original countries
Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, West Germany
1980s- 12 countries
21st century- 27 countries
New member states
Croatia is expected to become the 28th member state of the EU on 1 July 2013
There are five candidate countries: Iceland, Macedonia, Montenegro Serbia and Turkey.

14. New World Order
During Cold War, world divided into pro-communist and anti-communist
World power was balanced in such a bi-polar world
Geopolitical transition has occurred since fall of Soviet Union
Economically
Many superpowers dominate the market
United States
European Union
China
Militarily
United States maintains superpower status
Increasingly challenged by terrorism and other types of warfar

15. Why has Terrorism Increased?

16. Terrorism by individuals or organizations
Terrorism is the systematic use of violence by a group in order to intimidate a population or coerce a government into granting its demands
Terrorists attempt to achieve their objectives through organized acts that spread fear and anxiety throughout the population
Terrorists consider violence necessary as a means of bringing widespread publicity to goals

17. Terrorism by Individuals and Organizations
Term terror first used during French Revolution 1793
Today Terrorism used to describe actions of groups operating outside government
Distinguishing terrorism from other acts of violence sometimes difficult

18. Terrorism against Americans
1988: Pan Am Flight 103
Lockerbie, Scotland
Killed 259 aboard, plus 11 on the ground
1993: World Trade Center
Car bomb
Damaged building
Killed 6, injured 1,000
1995: Oklahoma City
Killed 168 people in Federal Building
1996: Saudi Arabia
Truck bomb killed 19 US Soldiers, injured more than 100
Targeted American apartment complex
1998: US Embassies
Both Kenya and Tanzania
Bombed
Killed 190, wounded 5,000
2000: USS Cole
Bombed while in Yemen
Killed 17 US Servicemen
Others
Ted Kaczynski – the unabomber
Killed 3 people, injuring 23 others

19. Pan Am Flight 103

20. World Trade Center 1993

21. Oklahoma City 1995

22. 1996 Saudi Arabia

23. 1998: US Embassies

24. 2000 USS Cole

25. September 11, 2001 WTC and Pentagon attacked Over 3,000 died
93 on American Airlines Flight 11
65 on United Airlines Flight 175
2,605 at the WTC
64 on American Airlines Flight 77
125 at the Pentagon
44 on United Airlines Flight 93

26. Al-Qaeda Responsible for most attacks in 1990s, as well as Sept.11
Founded by Osama bin Laden
Saudi billionaire
Moved to Afghanistan in 1980’s to support fight against Soviet Union
Called the fight a jihad
Recruited Muslim militants
Returned to Saudi Arabia after war ended, but was expelled
Moved to Sudan but was expelled for attacks against American in 1994
Issued a declaration of war against US in 1996 because of US support of Israel and supporting Saudi Arabian monarchy
Issued a fatwa (religious decree) arguing the Muslims had a duty to wage a Holy War against the U.S.

27. Al-Qaeda Means “foundation” Created in 1990 to unite jihad fighters
Membership around 20,000
Located in 34 countries
Several “cells”
Most live in ordinary society, called sleepers
Implicated in several bombings
Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Britain, Egypt, Jordan
Not a single unified organization
Number unknown
Use religion to justify attacks

28. Al-Qaeda cells Cells Jemmah Isamiyah Spain Kenya Southeast Asia
Concentrated in Indonesia
Several bombings
Oct 12, killed 202
Aug 5, killed 12
Sept 9, killed 11
Oct 1, killed 23

29. State Support for Terrorism
Several Middle East states have supported terrorism in recent years by:
Provide sanctuary for terrorists wanted by other countries
Supply weapons, money, and intelligence to other terrorists
Plan attacks using terrorists
Libya
Accused of sponsoring terrorists in 1986 bombing of Germany nightclub
US relations poor with Libya since 1981
U.S. responded with air strikes in Tripoli and Benghazi
Libyan agents planted bombs on Pan Am Flight 170 in 1988 as well as on UTA Flight 772
UN Sanctions followed
Libya “renounced” terrorism in 2003

30. Afghanistan
Removal of Taliban unleashed new struggle for control of Afghanistan
Taliban were able to regroup
Civil war began in 1973 when king was overthrown
5 years later a bloody coup was led by Soviet Union
Sent in 115,000 troops into Afghanistan in 1979 to quell the Muslim fundamentalists rebellion
Soviet Union withdrew in 1989 and the Soviet-backed government fell by 1992
Taliban gained control over most of the country
6 years of Taliban rule came to an end in 2001 following US invasion
Went after terrorists
Taliban harbored bin Laden

31. Iraq Iraq is divided into 150 tribes Saddam became president in 1979
Most Iraqis have loyalty to tribes not government
Ethnic groups split into regions
Sunni vs Shiite war
Saddam became president in 1979
Iran-Iraq war 1980, ended in stalemate in 1988
1988 Hussein gassed Iraqi Kurds
1990 Hussein invaded Kuwait
Led to Operation Desert Storm (U.S. led)
Allowed to stay in power as long as he disabled weapons program
U.S. linked Saddam to Al-Qaeda
U.S. invaded in 2003
Changed to a focus on a new regime change after no WMDs found

32. Iran Hostile with U.S. since 1979 revolution Today US worried about:
The pro-US shah was overthrown
Ayatollah Khomeini proclaimed Iran an Islamic Republic
Rewrote constitution of Iran
Today US worried about:
Iran harboring and aiding terrorists
Building nuclear weapons

33. Pakistan Created after Partition in 1947
War of Terror has spilled into Pakistan
Pakistan is multi-ethnic state
Overwhelmingly Muslim
Taliban controls border with Afghanistan
Rugged, mountainous area
Hid bin Laden in Pakistan