1. Lab Biology Chapter 23 Mrs. Nemanic
Bacteria
Lab Biology
Chapter 23
Mrs. Nemanic

2. I. Kingdom Archaebacteria
A. Characteristics
Live in extreme environments
Cell membrane and cell wall different than others

3. B. Groups 1. Methanogens 2. Halophiles 3. Thermoacidophiles
a. Anaerobic - don't require O2 (anaerobic respiration)
b. Produce Methane gas
2. Halophiles
a. High salt environment
b. Use salt to make ATP
3. Thermoacidophiles
a. Extreme acid and hot temperatures

4. II. Kingdom Eubacteria A. Characteristics 1. Grouped by Shapes
a. Bacilli - rod
b. Cocci - sphere
c. Spirilla - spiral

5. II. Kingdom Eubacteria A. Characteristics 2. Grouped by arrangement:
a. "Strepto" - chain
b. "Staphylo" - cluster
c. "Diplo" - pairs

6. II. Kingdom Eubacteria A. Characteristics *Pink stain
3. Grouped by Gram Staining :
a. Gram Positive
*Retain purple stain
*Thicker layer of Peptidoglycan
b. Gram Negative
*Pink stain
4. Grouped by how they obtain food

7. B. Phyla II. Kingdom Eubacteria
1. Phylum Cyanobacteria
a. Photosynthetic
b. Blue-green algae
c. Heterocysts - cells that "fix" N2 (convert it into a molecule)

8. II. Kingdom Eubacteria B. Phyla c. Tremponema pallidum - syphilis
2. Phylum Spirochetes
a. Spiral-shaped
b. Move by cork-screw motion
c. Tremponema pallidum - syphilis

9. II. Kingdom Eubacteria B. Phyla 3. Phylum Gram-Positive
a. Streptococci - causes strep throat
b. Yogurt- made by bacteria in milk
c. Lactobacillus - tooth decay
d. Actinomycetes - produce antibiotics

10. II. Kingdom Eubacteria B. Phyla 4. Phylum Proteobacteria
a. Enteric bacteria - live in intestines
1. Escherichia coli (e. coli) - produces Vitamin K and helps digestion
2. Salmonella - in chicken intestines, food poison
b. Chemoautotrophs - oxidize chemicals for energy - nitrogen fixing (Rhizobium)

11. III. Structure A. Cell wall B. Cell Membrane & Cytoplasm
1. Eubacteria cell walls made of peptidoglycan.
a. Gram negative eubacteria's lipid layer prevents some antibiotics from entering.
B. Cell Membrane & Cytoplasm
Lipid bilayer
Prokaryotes - no membrane-bound organelles
Bacteria are the only prokaryotes

12. III. Structure 1. Outer cover of polysaccharides C. Capsules
2. Protection against:
a. drying
b. harsh chemicals
c. white blood cells
3. Glycocalyx - a capsule of sticky sugars that enables bacteria to attach to host cells

13. III. Structure
D. Pili
1. Short, hair-like, protein structures on surface of some bacteria
2. Adhere to host cell; transfer genetic material between bacteria
E. Endospore
1. Dormant structure with thick protective covering produced during harsh environmental conditions.

14. III. Structure 1. Flagella F. Structures for Movement
2. Slime – to glide over
3. Spiral shaped bacteria move in cork-screw rotations.

15. IV. Nutrition 1. Heterotrophs – get nutrients from organic matter
a. Saprophytes – feed on dead, decaying matter
2. Autotrophs – obtain energy from sunlight or minerals
a. Photoautotrophs – use sunlight for energy
b. Chemoautotrophs – obtain energy from inorganic compounds, oxidize chemicals

16. V. Reproduction
1. Binary fission - asexual cell division of prokaryotes that produces identical offspring.

17. VI. Growth 1. Bacteria require certain temperatures and pH.
2. Obligate Anaerobes – cannot survive in O2
a. Ex: Clostridium tetani – causes tetanus.
3. Facultative anaerobes – live with or without O2
a. Ex: E. coli
4. Obligate aerobes – cannot survive without O2

18. VII. Genetic Recombination
1. Transformation – bacterial cell takes in DNA from external environment
2. Conjugation – genetic information is exchanged between two bacteria
3. Transduction – a virus obtains some bacteria DNA after viral replication & carries it to the next host cell.

19. VIII. Bacteria & Disease
1. Toxins – poisons that cause disease
A. Antibiotics – drugs used to fight bacteria. Obtained from bacteria and fungi.
1. Penicillin – interferes with cell-wall synthesis
2. Tetracycline – interferes with protein synthesis
3. Sulfa Drugs – inhibits metabolism
4. Broad-Spectrum Antibiotics – affect a wide variety of organisms

20. VIII. Bacteria & Disease
B. Antibiotic Resistance
1. Some mutant bacteria may resist antibiotics. Thus, they survive, reproduce, and make disease more difficult to treat.
C. Useful Bacteria
1. Decomposers – decay organic material
2. Food production
3. Clean up oil spills
4. Genetic Engineering and Medicines