1. SC B-4.9 EXEMPLIFY WAYS THAT INTRODUCE NEW GENETIC CHARACTERISTICS INTO AN ORGANISM OR A POPULATION BY APPLYING THE PRINCIPLES OF MODERN GENETICS GENETIC ENGINEERING

2. CN Page 104 Notebook EQ: How has technology allowed humans to genetically alter an organism?

3. Changing the Living World Selective breeding: allowing only those individuals with desirable traits to reproduce Humans use it in animals, plants, & other organisms

4. SELECTIVE BREEDING

5. Hybridization A breeding technique that involves crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the best traits of both organisms Usually are:  Hardier  More disease tolerant

6. Inbreeding The continued breeding of individuals with similar traits Increases the incidence of recessive traits

7. Increasing Variation Breeders can increase genetic variation in a population by inducing mutations (the ultimate source of genetic variation) Bacteria  Small size, short life cycle makes them easy to radiate  get desirable mutation  Example: Bacteria used in oil spills digest oil Plants  Polyploidy induced by chemicals  Bananas, Citrus Fruit

8. Key Questions How does selective breeding work? Why would inducing mutations in an organism be a good idea?

9. Applications of Genetic Engineering Possible to transfer genes from one organism to another  1 st done in 1986 by Howell  Transferred gene from firefly  tobacco plant

11. Transgenic Bacteria Bacteria reproduce rapidly & easy to grow use restriction enzymes to open bacterial plasmid or loop of DNA then insert gene used to make human forms of proteins  Insulin  Growth Hormone  Clotting Factor

12. How Restriction Enzymes Work

13. Transgenic Animals Mice produced with human genes that makes their immune systems act like humans  Scientist able to study effects of diseases or treatments on mice before testing on humans Some livestock now have extra copies of gene for Growth Hormone  grow faster & produce leaner meat, more milk

14. Transgenic Animals

15. CLONING A clone is a member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell Example:  Cloned colonies of bacteria (easy)  Multicellular organisms (difficult)

16. Use of cloning in humans raises serious ethical & moral issues

17. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) using technology to make many copies of desired gene or DNA sequence

18. DNA “Fingerprinting” using Gel-Electrophoresis

19. http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/0072437316/student_view0/chapter1 6/animations.html# http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/0072437316/student_view0/chapter1 6/animations.html# http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=swf::535::535: :/sites/dl/free/0072437316/120078/micro15.swf::P olymerase Chain Reaction