1. Biotechnology!
By: Lily katzeff, Gabrielle katzenelson, griffin tokuhara, sabryn trombacco

2. Vocabulary
Biotechnology: the exploitation of biological processes for industrial and other purposes
Selective Breeding: method of breeding that allows only those individual organisms with desired characteristics to produce the next generation (Humans use selective breeding)
Hybridization: breeding technique that involves crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the best traits of both organisms
Inbreeding: continued breeding of individuals with similar characteristics to maintain the desired characteristics of a line of organisms (Dog breeders use this technique)
Genetic Engineering: process of making changes in the DNA code of living organisms
Restriction Enzymes: enzymes that cut DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotides
Gel Electrophoresis: procedure used to separate and analyze DNA fragments by placing a mixture of DNA fragments at one end of the porous gel and applying an electrical voltage to the gel

3. Vocabulary
Recombinant DNA: DNA produced by combining DNA from different sources
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): technique that allows molecular biologists to make any copies of a particular gene
Plasmid: small circular piece of DNA
Genetic Marker: A gene that makes it possible to distinguish bacteria that carry a plasmid with foreign DNA from those that don’t
Transgenic: term used to refer to an organism that contains genes from other organisms
Clone: member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cells
Genetically Manipulated Organism (GMO): organisms that have had genetic materials moved and/or inserted in order to change one or more particular traits of an organism

4. In 1996, cloning was revolutionized when Ian Wilmut and his colleagues at the Roslin­ Institute in Edinburgh, Scotland, successfully cloned a sheep named Dolly. Dolly was the first cloned mammal.
Cloning
­Wilmut and his colleagues transplanted a nucleus from a mammary gland cell of a Finn Dorsett sheep into the enucleated egg of a Scottish blackface ewe. The nucleus-egg combination was stimulated with electricity to fuse the two and to stimulate cell division. The new cell divided and was placed in the uterus of a blackface ewe to develop. Dolly was born months later.
Dolly was shown to be genetically identical to the Finn Dorsett mammary cells and not to the blackface ewe, which clearly demonstrated that she was a successful clone (it took 276 attempts before the experiment was successful). Dolly has since grown and reproduced several offspring of her own through normal sexual means. Therefore, Dolly is a viable, healthy clone.

5. Stem cells
Stem cells are biological cells found in all multicellular organisms, that can divide (through miosis) and differentiate into diverse specialized cell types and can self-renew to produce more stem cells.
Stem cells can be taken from the umbilical cord, just after birth
The primitive stem cells located in the organs of fetuses are referred to as fetal stem cells
Also known as somatic stem cells and germline stem cells, they can be found in children, as well as adults
There are 3 accessible sources autologous adult stem cells in humans:
Bone Marrow
Adipose Tissue (lipid cells)
Blood

6. Gel electrophoresis
Gel Electrophoresis is used to separate DNA fragments. First restriction enzymes cut DNA into fragments. The DNA fragments are then poured into wells on a gel, which is similar to a thick piece of gelatin. An electric voltage moves the DNA fragments across the gel. Because longer fragments of DNA move slower than shorter fragments. Based on the size the DNA fragments make a pattern of bands on the gel.

7. Gene therapy
Gene Therapy is the use of DNA as a pharmaceutical agent to treat disease

8. Key concepts
Humans use selective breeding which takes advantage of naturally occurring genetic variation in plants, animals, and other organisms, to pass desired traits on to the next generation of organisms
Breeders can increase the genetic variation in a population by inducing mutations, which are the ultimate source of genetic variability
Scientist use their knowledge of the structure of DNA and its chemical properties to study and change DNA molecules. Different techniques are used to extract DNA from cells, to cut DNA into smaller pieces, to identify the sequence of bases in a DNA molecule, and to make unlimited copies of DNA.

9. Key concepts continued
During transformation, a cell takes in DNA from outside the cell. This external DNA becomes a component of the cell’s DNA.
If transformation is successful, the recombinant DNA is integrated into one of the chromosomes of the cell.
Genetic engineering has spurred the growth of biotechnology, which is a new industry that is changing the way we interact with the living world.

10. Question 1
____________ is a cross between dissimilar individuals to bring together their best characteristics.
Genetic Engineering
Hybridization
Sequencing
In breeding

11. Breeding New Organisms
Question 2
Breeding New Organisms
Can be accomplished through 1 2
including
using 3
Inbreeding
Recombinant DNA

12. Question 3
3. Crossing individuals with similar characteristics so that those characteristics will appear in the offspring
Inbreeding
Electrophoresis
Hybridization
Genetic Engineering

13. Question 4 Varieties of pure bred dogs are maintained by
Selective Breeding
Hybridization
Inbreeding
Genetic Engineering

14. Question 5 Changing the DNA of an organism is called:
Genetic Engineering
Hybridization
Selective Breeding
Inbreeding

15. Question 6 Organisms that have genes of other organisms are called:
Transgenic
Mutagenic
Donor organisms
Cloned organisms

16. Question 7
A member of a population of genetically identical cells produced of a single cell is called:
Clone
Plasmid
Mutant
Sequence

17. Question 8
Bacteria often contains small circular molecule of DNA known as:
Clones
Restriction Enzyme
Plasmids
Hybrids

18. Question 9
When a cell transformation is successful the recombinant DNA
Undergoes Mutation
Treated with Antibiotics
Becomes part of the transformed cells Genome
Becomes a nucleus

19. Question 10 DNA can be cut into short sequences by proteins known as
Restriction Enzymes
Plasmids
Mutagens
Clones

20. Answers to the quiz questionsB
Visual Thinking
Selective Breeding
Transgenic
Mutations
3. A
4.C
5.A
6.A
7.A
8.C
9.C
10.A