1. Motion in One Dimension
Chapter 2
Motion in One Dimension

2. 2.1 Position, Velocity, and Speed
2.2 Instantaneous Velocity and Speed
2.3 Acceleration
2.4 Freely Falling Objects
2.5 Kinematic Equations Derived from Calculus.

3. Kinematics
Kinematics describes motion while ignoring the agents that caused the motion
For now, we will consider motion in one dimension
Along a straight line
We will use the particle model
A particle is a point-like object, that has mass but infinitesimal size

4. Position Position is defined in terms of a frame of reference
For one dimension the motion is generally along the x- or y-axis
The object’s position is its location with respect to the frame of reference

5. Position-Time Graph
The position-time graph shows the motion of the particle (car)
The smooth curve is a guess as to what happened between the data points

6. Displacement
Displacement is defined as the change in position during some time interval
Represented as x
x = xf - xi
SI units are meters (m), x can be positive or negative
Displacement is different than distance. Distance is the length of a path followed by a particle.

7. Vectors and Scalars
Vector quantities that need both -magnitude (size or numerical value) and direction to completely describe them
We will use + and – signs to indicate vector directions
Scalar quantities are completely described by magnitude only

8. Average Velocity
The average velocity is the rate at which the displacement occurs
The dimensions are length / time [L/T]
The SI units are m/s
Is also the slope of the line in the position – time graph

9. Average Speed Speed is a scalar quantity
same units as velocity
total distance / total time
The average speed is not (necessarily) the magnitude of the average velocity

10. Instantaneous Velocity
Instantaneous velocity is the limit of the average velocity as the time interval becomes infinitesimally short, or as the time interval approaches zero
The instantaneous velocity indicates what is happening at every point of time

11. Instantaneous Velocity
The general equation for instantaneous velocity is
The instantaneous velocity can be positive, negative, or zero

12. Instantaneous Velocity
The instantaneous velocity is the slope of the line tangent to the x vs t curve
This would be the green line
The blue lines show that as t gets smaller, they approach the green line

13. Instantaneous Speed
The instantaneous speed is the magnitude of the instantaneous velocity
Remember that the average speed is not the magnitude of the average velocity

14. Average Acceleration
Acceleration is the rate of change of the velocity
Dimensions are L/T2
SI units are m/s²

15. Instantaneous Acceleration
The instantaneous acceleration is the limit of the average acceleration as t approaches 0

16. Instantaneous Acceleration
The slope of the velocity vs. time graph is the acceleration
The green line represents the instantaneous acceleration
The blue line is the average acceleration

17. Acceleration and Velocity
When an object’s velocity and acceleration are in the same direction, the object is speeding up
When an object’s velocity and acceleration are in the opposite direction, the object is slowing down

18. Acceleration and Velocity
The car is moving with constant positive velocity (shown by red arrows maintaining the same size)
Acceleration equals zero

19. Acceleration and Velocity
Velocity and acceleration are in the same direction
Acceleration is uniform (blue arrows maintain the same length)
Velocity is increasing (red arrows are getting longer)
This shows positive acceleration and positive velocity

20. Acceleration and Velocity
Acceleration and velocity are in opposite directions
Acceleration is uniform (blue arrows maintain the same length)
Velocity is decreasing (red arrows are getting shorter)
Positive velocity and negative acceleration

21. 1D motion with constant acceleration
tf – ti = t

22. 1D motion with constant acceleration
In a similar manner we can rewrite equation for average velocity:
and than solve it for xf
Rearranging, and assuming

23. 1D motion with constant acceleration
(1)
Using
and than substituting into equation for final position yields
(1)
(2)
(2)
Equations (1) and (2) are the basic kinematics equations

24. 1D motion with constant acceleration
These two equations can be combined to yield additional equations.
We can eliminate t to obtain
Second, we can eliminate the acceleration a to produce an equation in which acceleration does not appear:

25. Kinematics with constant acceleration - Summary

26. Kinematic Equations - summary

27. Kinematic Equations
The kinematic equations may be used to solve any problem involving one-dimensional motion with a constant acceleration
You may need to use two of the equations to solve one problem
Many times there is more than one way to solve a problem

28. Kinematics - Example 1
How long does it take for a train to come to rest if it decelerates at 2.0m/s2 from an initial velocity of 60 km/h?

29. A car is approaching a hill at 30
A car is approaching a hill at 30.0 m/s when its engine suddenly fails just at the bottom of the hill. The car moves with a constant acceleration of –2.00 m/s2 while coasting up the hill. (a) Write equations for the position along the slope and for the velocity as functions of time, taking x = 0 at the bottom of the hill, where vi = 30.0 m/s. (b) Determine the maximum distance the car rolls up the hill.

30. Graphical Look at Motion: displacement-time curve
The slope of the curve is the velocity
The curved line indicates the velocity is changing
Therefore, there is an acceleration

31. Graphical Look at Motion: velocity-time curve
The slope gives the acceleration
The straight line indicates a constant acceleration

32. Graphical Look at Motion: acceleration-time curve
The zero slope indicates a constant acceleration

33. Freely Falling Objects
A freely falling object is any object moving freely under the influence of gravity alone.
It does not depend upon the initial motion of the object
Dropped – released from rest
Thrown downward
Thrown upward

34. Acceleration of Freely Falling Object
The acceleration of an object in free fall is directed downward, regardless of the initial motion
The magnitude of free fall acceleration is g = 9.80 m/s2
g decreases with increasing altitude
g varies with latitude
9.80 m/s2 is the average at the Earth’s surface

35. Acceleration of Free Fall
We will neglect air resistance
Free fall motion is constantly accelerated motion in one dimension
Let upward be positive
Use the kinematic equations with ay = g = m/s2

36. Free Fall Example
Initial velocity at A is upward (+) and acceleration is g (-9.8 m/s2)
At B, the velocity is 0 and the acceleration is g (-9.8 m/s2)
At C, the velocity has the same magnitude as at A, but is in the opposite direction

37. A student throws a set of keys vertically upward to her sorority sister, who is in a window 4.00 m above. The keys are caught 1.50 s later by the sister's outstretched hand. (a) With what initial velocity were the keys thrown? (b) What was the velocity of the keys just before they were caught?

38. A ball is dropped from rest from a height h above the ground
A ball is dropped from rest from a height h above the ground. Another ball is thrown vertically upwards from the ground at the instant the first ball is released. Determine the speed of the second ball if the two balls are to meet at a height h/2 above the ground.

39. A freely falling object requires 1. 50 s to travel the last 30
A freely falling object requires 1.50 s to travel the last 30.0 m before it hits the ground. From what height above the ground did it fall?

40. Motion Equations from Calculus
Displacement equals the area under the velocity – time curve
The limit of the sum is a definite integral

41. Kinematic Equations – General Calculus Form

42. Kinematic Equations – Calculus Form with Constant Acceleration
The integration form of vf – vi gives
The integration form of xf – xi gives

43. The height of a helicopter above the ground is given by h = 3
The height of a helicopter above the ground is given by h = 3.00t3, where h is in meters and t is in seconds. After 2.00 s, the helicopter releases a small mailbag. How long after its release does the mailbag reach the ground?

44. Automotive engineers refer to the time rate of change of acceleration as the "jerk." If an object moves in one dimension such that its jerk J is constant, (a) determine expressions for its acceleration ax(t), velocity vx(t), and position x(t), given that its initial acceleration, speed, and position are axi , vxi, and xi , respectively. (b) Show that

45. The acceleration of a marble in a certain fluid is proportional to the speed of the marble squared, and is given (in SI units) by a = –3.00 v2 for v > 0. If the marble enters this fluid with a speed of 1.50 m/s, how long will it take before the marble's speed is reduced to half of its initial value?

46. A test rocket is fired vertically upward from a well
A test rocket is fired vertically upward from a well. A catapult gives it initial velocity 80.0 m/s at ground level. Its engines then fire and it accelerates upward at 4.00 m/s2 until it reaches an altitude of m. At that point its engines fail and the rocket goes into free fall, with an acceleration of –9.80 m/s2. (a) How long is the rocket in motion above the ground? (b) What is its maximum altitude? (c) What is its velocity just before it collides with the Earth?

47. An inquisitive physics student and mountain climber climbs a 50
An inquisitive physics student and mountain climber climbs a 50.0-m cliff that overhangs a calm pool of water. He throws two stones vertically downward, 1.00 s apart, and observes that they cause a single splash. The first stone has an initial speed of 2.00 m/s. (a) How long after release of the first stone do the two stones hit the water? (b) What initial velocity must the second stone have if they are to hit simultaneously? (c) What is the speed of each stone at the instant the two hit the water?