2. 1 The Cold War Chapter 26 (1945-1960)

3. 2 I. Former Allies Clash

4. 3 A. Situation, post-War 1)Soviet Union– most devastated by war, spread communism 2)Germany– Devastated by war, defeated, occupied by US, USSR 3)Berlin– Occupied by allies

5. 4

6. 5 4)United States– least devastated by war, strongest nation in world, atomic bomb 5) England– broke, lost colonies, still thinks it’s a world power

7. 6 B. United NationsUnited Nations Created 1945, San Francisco Note the organization of the Council –Permanent members do not include Germany or Japan… Why?

8. 7 The United Nations

9. 8 C. Yalta ConferenceYalta Conference Stalin, Roosevelt, Churchill, 1945 Agreed on United Nations, Stalin would hold free elections in occupied Europe

10. 9

11. 10 D. Harry Truman 1) problems– Japan, atomic bomb, finishing the war, ill-informed 2) important decisions– post-war Europe and Japan, problems with Stalin, atomic bomb

12. 11 E. Potsdam Conference Stalin refused to hold free elections US-USSR problems started Truman not experienced enough to stand up to Stalin Atlee, Truman, Stalin– The New Big Three

13. 12 The Potsdam Conference

14. 13 II. Tension Mounts

15. 14 1) United States’ Goals Spread democracy Rebuild Europe to promote stability and prevent war Remember what happened after WWI?

16. 15 2) USSR’s Goals Create “buffer states” between itself and Germany Keep Germany occupied Spread communism

17. 16 B. Satellite nations Nations controlled by Soviet Union in all but name Occupied by Soviet armies

18. 17 C. Contaiment George Kennan– author of containment, 1947 What’s it mean to contain something? –Keep it from spreading What would such a policy eventually mean?

19. 18 D. Churchill’s Iron Curtain Speech, Fulton, MO, the world is divided, “iron curtain,” democracy vs communism To the West? The free world of Democracy To the East? Soviet influence of Communism

20. 19 Churchill’s Iron Curtain Speech

21. 20

22. 21 III. Cold War in Europe

23. 22 A. What is a Cold War 1) What’s a hot war? Cold war is fighting in other ways other than direct confrontation Economic, political, diplomatic, etc.

24. 23 B. Truman Doctrine 1) definition– the US will aid the fight for democracy around the world 2) nations– US, USSR, the “freedom movements” 3) what could this lead to? –Direct confrontation? Nuclear War?

25. 24 C. Marshall Plan Plan for US to finance rebuilding of western Europe Why? What would it do? –Rebuild economies Why would we want that? –Democracies do not crumble when everything is going well Effect? –Very successful… The $13 billion was used to quickly restore the economies and open strong trade markets George Marshall– US Secretary of State

26. 25

27. 26 IV. Superpowers Struggle over Germany

28. 27 A. Status of Germany Divided, East vs West, joint occupation of Berlin

29. 28

30. 29 POST-WAR GERMANY

31. 30 B. Status of Berlin Controlled by US, France, England, Soviet Union

32. 31 DIVIDED BERLIN

33. 32 C. Berlin Air LiftBerlin Air Lift Stalin cuts off Berlin US Airforce flies in supplies for one year Stalin quits

34. 33

35. 34 BERLIN AIRLIFT MAP

36. 35 D. Division of Germany East and West Germany East– Communist West– Democratic Effect--

37. 36

38. 37 E. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) US and western allies Attack on one=attack on all Soviet Response– Warsaw Pact

39. 38

40. 39 Today

41. 40 V. The Cold War Heats Up

42. 41 A. China

43. 42 Location next to North Korea

44. 43 1) Mao Zai Dong (Zedong) Leader of the Chinese Communists

45. 44 2) Chaing Kai Shek Leader of the Nationalists (American ally)

46. 45 Chinese Civil War

47. 46 4) Losing China What is lost? –“Free China”… China becomes Communist Who will get the blame? –The U.S.

48. 47 5) Effect on Containment What is containment? What will happen with containment now? –People doubt it? –Will it become more forceful?

49. 48 1) Location of Korea

50. 49 2) 38 th Parallel US troops– occupy the south Soviet troops– occupy the north What will this do in the future?

51. 50 3) South Korea Becomes democratic, American ally

52. 51

53. 52 C. War Breaks Out June, 1950 North Korea invades South Korea American response

54. 53 Why Fight In Korea?

55. 54 2) UN Response What should the UN response be? What will it be? Who leads the UN in Korea?

56. 55 3)The Inchon Landings

57. 56 C. Enter the Chinese 1) Yalu River– border between North Korea and China

58. 57

59. 58 The US has problems With China!!!

60. 59 2) Macarthur and China Drop the atomic bomb on China!!! Invade China!!

61. 60 3) Truman’s reaction Directly orders MacArthur to avoid contact with the Chinese

62. 61 Macarthur’s reaction Tells newspapers he is being kept from winning the war Truman gets mad, and….

63. 62

64. 63 Situation, July 1953

65. 64

66. 65 THE KOREAN WAR

67. 66 MAC Retires Before Congress

68. 67 THE DMZ TODAY

69. 68

70. 69 VI. The Cold War at Home

71. 70 A. Fear of Communist Influence

72. 71 1) Communist groups Existence of American Communist organizations

73. 72 2) Military secrets ATOMIC BOMB

74. 73 3) The government OVERTHROW AMERICAN DEMOCRACY ?

75. 74 B. Loyalty Review Board purpose– investigate government workers for “loyalty” Problems? What is loyalty?

76. 75 C. The House Committee on Un- American Activity (HUAC) 1) purpose—investigate communist sympathizers 2) tactics— Investigate, incriminate, smear tactics 3) problems– Is this what America is all about?

77. 76 D. The Hollywood Ten 1) importance of Hollywood to America— PROPAGANDA FOR COMMUNISTS? 2) 10 producers/writers who refused to testify about their communist friends 3) problems– Is this what America is about? What happened to these people?

78. 77 BLACKLISTED?

79. 78 THE HOLLYWOOD TEN

80. 79 E. Spy Cases WHAT WILL THESE SPY CASES SHOW US?

81. 80 1) Alger Hiss Worked in the state department, a top- ranking diplomat Nobody would suspect him Secretly giving information to the Soviets

82. 81 ALGER HISS

83. 82 2) Whittiker Chambers Implicated Hiss in espionage charges Microfilm on a typewriter, in a pumpkin

84. 83 WHITTIKAR CHAMBERS

85. 84 3) Richard Nixon Senator who helped put away Hiss Future president of the US

86. 85 RICHARD NIXON

87. 86 E. The Rosenbergs Convicted of smuggling atomic secrets to the Soviets Executed for their spying

88. 87

89. 88 F. McCarthy’s Witch Hunt What’s a witch hunt, anyway?

90. 89 1) Senator from Wisconsin Said that he had the names of communists in the government Number kept getting bigger

91. 90 Senator Joseph Mccarthy

92. 91 2) McCarthyism Term used now for using smear tactics to hurt someone’s reputation

93. 92 3) tactics Accusation, recrimination, smearing of reputation

94. 93 4) Right or wrong? Were there any communists in the government? What if there were none? Does it matter how many there were?

95. 94 5) witchhunt Tactic of smearing someone’s reputation “blacklisting”– they would be “ostracized”

96. 95 6) Why wasn’t he stopped? Fear on the part of politicians It’s a lot easier to “give names” then to face smear tactics Politicians got ahead that way (Nixon) Some Did

97. 96 7) McCarthy and the Army Went too far in accusing the army, 1952 Army stood up to him– “how could you go so low?”

98. 97

99. 98 VII. Two Nations Live on the Edge

100. 99 A. Brinksmanship

101. 100 1) definition Two nations pushing each other to the edge, then backing off Is this a smart way to behave?

102. 101 2) Importance of the H-Bomb The US develops a bomb 67 times more powerful than the atom bomb What will the Soviets think? What will they do?

103. 102 3) John Foster Dulles Dwight Eisenhower’s Secretary of State Author of “brinksmanship”

104. 103 4) Dwight Eisenhower Who’s he? Is he qualified to be president during these times? Does he know what’s going on?

105. 104 IKE

106. 105 5) Effect of Brinksmanship Americans live in constant fear of destruction Compare with recent history

107. 106 B. Covert Actions Secret actions on the part of the US government to win the war against communism

108. 107 1) CIA Central Intelligence Agency The nation’s spies Try to overthrow unfriendly, keep friendly governments

109. 108 2) Middle East, Central America This is what the CIA does in these two regions

110. 109 C. The Geneva Summit

111. 110 1) Warsaw pact Soviet response to NATO What do you think this does to problem?

112. 111

113. 112 2) Open skies proposal Ike proposes mutual open skies for monitoring Rejected– why?

114. 113 3) Spirit of Geneva Was the Geneva Summit a success? A “thawing” of the cold war?

115. 114 C. More problems

116. 115 1) Soviets and Hungary, 1956 Remember containment Soviet tanks roll, 1956 result for the cold war?

117. 116 2) Suez Canal US almost goes to war in defending the Suez Canal, Egypt What would that lead to?

118. 117 3) Eisenhower Doctrine US would go to war to defend the Middle East if necessary Why is the middle east important to the US?

119. 118 D. Sputnik

120. 119 1) definitiondefinition First satellite to go into orbit, USSR What does this mean?

121. 120 2) importance US now vulnerable to Soviet missile strikes! US behind in technology

122. 121 3) US Reaction More money for technology Math, sciences to catch up with soviets NASA

123. 122 E. Gary Powers, U-2 Flight

124. 123 1) definitiondefinition U-2 flights were US Spy Planes, over USSR Shot down with Gary Francis Powers, 1959

125. 124 2)importance US denies that it was a spy plane USSR irate

126. 125 3) Nikita Kruschev Denounces Ike, walks out of the second Geneva Summit “spirit of Geneva” is over

127. 126 4) long-term effect Propels the cold war forward Destroys developing trust between the two nations