1. A short and condensed history of computing Part II: Birth of the electronic computer

2. The Pioneers John Atanasoff (U. of Iowa, USA) Clifford Berry (England)
ABC
First automatic electronic computer
Konrad Zuse (Germany)
Z3 computer
First programmable computer

3. ABC Computer

4. Z1 & Z3 Computers Z3 Binary Programmable Fully automated
Punched film input Z1
Binary
Electrically driven
Punch card input

5. Alan M. Turing (1912-1954) Computer scientist
Led WWII research group that broke the Enigma machine (Colossus computer)
Proposed a simple abstract universal machine model for defining computability: the “Turing machine”
Devised the “Turing test” for AI

6. The Enigma machine and Colossus

7. IBM Harvard Mark I – 1944
The IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator, installed at Harvard University in It is 51 feet long, weighs 5 tons, incorporates 750,000 parts

8. Mauchly and Eckert John W. Mauchly (1907-1980)
J. Presper Eckert ( )
Headed the ENIAC team at the University of Pennsylvania
ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer), the first electronic general-purpose digital computer
Commissioned by the Army for computing ballistic firing tables

9. ENIAC Massive scale and redundant design Decimal internal coding
Operational in 1946
Replacing a bad tube meant checking 19,000 possibilities

10. ENIAC Programming meant literally re-wiring the computer
Slow, tedious and repetitious

11. John Von Neumann ( )
Von Neumann visits the University of Pennsylvania in 1944
Prepares a draft for an automatic programmable device (later called EDVAC)
Concept of “stored program”  instruction is a form of data and can be used in the same memory, adding great flexibility to a computer’s architecture
Designed the IAS machine (Institute for Advanced Studies) which became operational in 1951

12. Von Neumann architecture
“stored program”
Serial uniprocessor design
Binary internal encoding
CPU-Memory-I/O organization
“fetch-decode-execute” instruction cycle

13. Admiral Grace Murray Hopper (1906-1992)
The first real computer scientist
Invented the first compiler because she was tired of doing it by hand, vastly improving programming speed and efficiency

14. UNIVAC I First commercial general-purpose computer Delivered in 1951
Used to “forecast” the 1952 presidential election (computed statistics from polling results)

15. A short and condensed history of computing Part III: Age of the mainframe

16. Even in the 1950’s, computers got smaller over time
Four different generations of tube computer circuits showing the reduction in size over several generations of systems during the 1950’s

17. Advances in the 1950’s Integrated Circuit
1947
Shockley, Brattain & Bardeen
1958
Jack St. Clair Kilby & Robert Noyce
Integrated Circuit
Place many transistors in a small area
Transistor
Freedom from vacuum tubes (bulky, power hungry and unreliable)
Both of these advances enabled machines to become smaller and more economical to build and maintain

18. Early Bell Labs transistors 1947 / 1952
The most important invention of the 20th century

19. Earliest implementations of the transistor
1954 – first transistor radio available in US
1952 – first transistor hearing aid (+2 tubes)
1954 – 97% of hearing aids made only with
transistors

20. Earliest implementations of the integrated circuit
1964 – Widlar & Fairchild op-amp
1961 – Kilby & pocket calculator

21. 1960’s – IBM’s System/360 Built using solid-state circuitry
Family of computer systems with backward compatibility
Established the standard for mainframes for a decade

22. 1960’s Companion to the mainframe
1956 – IBM 305 RAMAC
5 million characters stored
Weighed a ton
Random access
1962 – IBM 1311
Size of a washing machine
2 million characters stored
Removable disk pack

23. Gordon Bell, father of the minicomputer, DEC
Developed first “Mini” computers,
Brought computing to small businesses
Created major competition for IBM & UNIVAC, who only built mainframes at the time

24. DEC PDP series “minicomputers”
Offered mainframe performance at a fraction of the cost
PDP-8 $20,000, vs $1M for a mainframe

25. IBM fights back!
IBM 1130, their “small” computer, was designed to compete with DEC’s minis

26. Specialized supercomputers
First developed in the late 1970’s
High-performance systems used for scientific applications
Advanced special purpose designs
Control Data Corporation, Cray Research, NEC, IBM and others

27. A short and condensed history of computing Part IV: Age of the Personal Computer
1970-

28. Intel 4004 Microprocessor – 1972
First commercially available microprocessor – first used in a programmable calculator
Contains 2300 transistors and ran at 100 kHz
This technology made the personal computer possible

29. Desktop and portable computers since 1975
Microprocessors
All-in-one designs
Price/performance trade-offs
Aimed at mass audiences
Personal computers
Workstations

30. Altair 8800, the first kit microcomputer – 1975

31. Microsoft
Bill Gates and Paul Allen in 1975 approached Ed Robers of MITS (company developing the Altair), and promised to deliver a BASIC compiler.
They did so, and from the sale, Microsoft was born.

32. Apple computers
Developed in the family garage, Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs with the firs Apple Computer – 1976

33. Radio Shack TRS-80 – 1978
The first plug and play personal computer available at retail
Programmed in BASIC
Very successful
Very affordable
Limited commercial software

34. The Apple II – 1978 The first commercially available Apple
Initially sold to Wall St. bankers who wanted the spreadsheet program Visicalc which ran on the Apple II
Put Apple on the map

35. The Osborne I – 1981 The first “portable” personal computer
Came with lots of software bundled
Only weighed 40 lbs and sold for $1,795
Note the large 5” screen!

36. IBM PC – 1982
IBM’s first PC
Signaled a significant shift for the giant manufacturer
Established a new standard which is still being built on today
Open architecture
Operating system written by Bill Gates & Co. at Microsoft

37. The computer company that wasn’t – Xerox
Many of the innovations that became part of the Personal Computer scene were actually invented at XEROX Parc (Palo Alto Research Center)
Xerox was never able to successfully exploit those innovations that included the mouse, graphic user interface and the concept of WYSIWYG (What you see is what you get)

38. Apple Macintosh – 1984 First PC with GUI interface
Adopted from the work that was done at Xerox
Designed to be a computer appliance for “Real People”
Introduced at the 1984 Superbowl

39. 1984 Macintosh Ad Directed by Ridley Scott Cost $1.5M
Alien, Blade Runner
Cost $1.5M
Shown only once during the 1984 Superbowl at a cost of $500K
Considered to be the best TV ad ever!
Launched the Mac in grand style!

40. Some of the companies that defined the Personal Computer business early on
Xerox
IBM
Commodore
Texas Instrument
Osborne
MITS
AT&T
Compaq
Toshiba
Hitachi
Sinclair
Hewlett Packard
Sony
Apple
Microsoft
SWTP

41. How do they rate in cost and performance?
Comparison shopping
How do they rate in cost and performance?

42. Moore’s Law
In 1965, Gordon Moore predicted that the number of transistors that can be integrated on a die would double every 18 to 24 months (exponential growth)
Million transistor/chip barrier was crossed in the 1980’s
2300 transistors, 100 kHz clock – Intel 4004, 1971
42M transistors, 2 GHz clock – Intel P4, 2001
1.4B transistors inc. 4 cores and GPU, 4.4 GHz clock – Intel Core i7, 2014

43. Moore’s Law

44. Clock frequency
Frequency, MHz
Nuclear
Reactor
Hot
Plate

45. Exponential growth of technologies

46. Growth of a hard disk drive

47. Today’s Price/Performance
Over 3 Billion operations per second costs less than $1,000
Memory is measured in Gigabytes, not kilobytes
Magnetic storage is measured in Terabytes
Communication speeds are measured in Megabits per second, not bits per second
And it continues!