2. International study to determine: ~25,000 genes Sequence of 3 billion nitrogen bases (A,T,C,G’s) Create & improve methods of analyzing DNA Address ethical, legal & social issues

3. Technique used to isolate sections of DNA 1 st used in DNA profiling, also used in paternity tests, genome maps & disease locators. DNA is broken up (restriction enzyme) & sorted by size using gel electrophoresis

4. Results then transferred to membrane (Southern Blot) DNA probes are then attached to each broken segment to determine actual nucleotide sequence

5. Issues: Requires large #of DNA samples Long, complicated process Replaced RFLP for SNP  Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Most common form of genetic variation btw people Occurs 1 in every 300 bases 99% of genetic code is same.

6. Method used to produce millions of copies of a small sample of DNA in approx. 2 hours. Denature DNA & force replication to occur. Process is repeated thru multiple cycles to produce millions of copies.

7. Taq polymerase Extracted from bacteria live in hot springs Process: Denaturing (break open) Annealing (primers or synthetic DNA strands attach) Extension (enzyme initiates replication)

8. Early embryonic cells that have yet to differentiate (specialize) Cloning Disease research & treatment Creation of genetically modified products/organisms

9. Manipulating genetic material Genetic Modifications Changes to an organism DNA Transgenic Modifications Combining DNA from 2 separate organisms Cross-breeding Unnatural breeding of organisms

10. Beefalo Cross between domestic cattle & American buffalo Buffalo are larger, heartier animals that require less care Retain the flavor of beef 3/8 bison 5/8 bovine Fertile offspring

11. Arctic Apple Turn off the gene that controls the enzyme polyphenol oxidase Prevent browning of apples

12. Golden Rice Splice genes from daffodils into the genome of white rice Increase the vitamin A content of the rice