1. Ch 12.4
Mutations

2. -inheritable changes in genetic material
Mutation:
-inheritable changes in genetic material

3. …changes that
affect a single or
few nucleotides.
…occur at a
single point
in DNA sequence.

4. Substitution: one base exchanged for another
(ex: sickle cell anemia)
Insertion: extra base(s) are inserted
Deletion: DNA is deleted/left out
…all are frameshift mutations ; can alter the
protein/cause abnormality…

6. Sickle Cell: a substitution mutation

7. Chromosomal Mutations: Changes in the number or structure
of chromosomes

8. Polyploidy Organism has extra sets of chromosomes in gametes.
…normal gametes are (2N);
Triploid (3N)or
Tetraploid (4N) can occur.

9. CH 13.1
Changing the
Living World

10. Domestication of plants/animals: all modern-day food products were once “wild”- humans have tamed & shaped nature to better suit human needs.
Selective Breeding: allowing only those organisms with desirable traits to
produce the next generation.

11. Inbreeding: continued breeding of individuals
with similar traits.
Can also increase
risk of genetic
defects.

12. Increasing variation through genetic engineering of mutations

14. This bacteria has been
modified to turn
CO2 into fuel.

15. This bacteria has been
GM’ed to eat oil.