1. The Renaissance and the Foundations of Western Modernity

2. I. Cultural change in crisis

3. A. Theological challenges 1. John Wycliffe 1320-1384 - quality of sacrament - Church authority

4. 2. Jan Hus 1369-1415 - religion and nationalism - language č š ž

5. 3. Increased threat of Heresy - Waldensians no authority but the Bible - Albigensiansextreme ascetism “Heretics” often preached austerity not found in Church, popular w/ peasants The Inquisition “what a show” The Inquisition “what a show”

6. 4. William of Ockham 1285-1349 - Argued against Aristotelian theory - must argue from specific to general Ockham’s razor scientific method

7. B. Vernacular literature 1. Reliance on Latin declines - expression of cultural, national, religious independence (Gutenberg press)

8. 2. Dante Alighieri The Divine Comedy 1308- 1321 allegory – historical figures, contemporary critique Redemption of Man – in Italian! “Abandon hope, all ye who enter here”

9. 3. Geoffrey Chaucer The Canterbury Tales 1342-1400 - middle English - ribald, low brow comedy, social satire

10. 4. Christine de Pizan City of Ladies 1364-1430 a. status of aristocratic women improving b. all levels of patriarchy challenged

11. Giovanni Boccaccio The Decameron Juan Ruiz The Book of Good Love - “Mr. Melon of the Vegetable Garden”

12. II. Awakenings Rebirth Overcoming constraints of the Middle Ages by re-discovering ancient ideas Humanism Theocratic culture vs. Humanism It ain‘t no sin to be glad you‘re alive. It ain‘t no sin to be glad you‘re alive.

13. A. Luxury and lifestyle 1. Plague and commodities

14. 2. Merchant republics (1100s) Byzantine trade routes “bourgeois” culture

15. the Medici family Lorenzo de Medici, il magnifico Lorenzo de Medici, il magnifico The Florence trade route The Florence trade route Platonic Academy of Florence Platonic Academy of Florence Papal creditor Papal creditor

16. Jakob Fugger Augsburg Multinational company, mining, banking, fur&textile trade Multinational company, mining, banking, fur&textile trade „Creditor of the Empire“ „Creditor of the Empire“

17. B. Crafts and guilds 1. primacy of skilled workers - art and status

18. C. Fall of the Byzantine Empire 1. “Practical” humanism 1453, Constantinople falls to Ottoman Turks - liberal arts education - monasticism v. humanism = contemplative v. activist lifestyle

19. III. Renaissance Idealism A. The Humanistic Tradition 1. Petrarch “Father of Humanism” 1304-1374 - Study of classical history, philosophy, language - artist (writer) at center of art

20. 2. Giovanni Pico della Mirandola 1463-1494 - Oration on the Dignity of Man - Oration on the Dignity of Man Great Chain of Being v. Neo-Platonism - “progressive” outlook on politics, psychology & history - “progressive” outlook on politics, psychology & history

21. B. Christian Humanism 1. Thomas Moore 1478-1535 - Utopia tolerance, equality, pacifism - Social Gospel: revolutionary or reactionary?

22. 2. Erasmus In Praise of Folly 1509 - Church inconsistencies Moore/Erasmus - restore direct connection between individual & textual basis of Christianity textual basis of Christianity

23. 3. Literary Criticism - methods and goals - philology Polyglot Bible Polyglot Bible

24. IV. Renaissance Style, 1400 - 1500

25. A. Reason and art 1. Use of proportion/ perspective (da Vinci)

26. Scientific rebirth – Leonardo da Vinci Scientific rebirth – Leonardo da Vinci The Last Supper, 1483 The Last Supper, 1483

27. 2. Study of anatomy

28. Scientific research by artists Scientific research by artists Leonardo da Vinci – „Anatomic Studies“, 1480s Leonardo da Vinci – „Anatomic Studies“, 1480s

29. B. Classicism 1. Neoplatonism (Michelangelo) fused classical with newer techniques art should reflect spiritual, metaphysical evolution art should reflect man’s rise to “godliness”

30. Donatello Bronze sculptures Bronze sculptures Greek myths – perfection of nature Greek myths – perfection of nature

31. Men as God´s children Albrecht Dürer – „Self Portrait“, 1500 Albrecht Dürer – „Self Portrait“, 1500

32. B. The Northern Renaissance Flemish painters Albrecht Durer Jan van Eyck Jan Vermeer Jan Vermeer

33. Peter Bruegel

34. Rembrandt van Rijn interest in business class

35. „Burgeois paintings“ „Burgeois paintings“ Jan van Eyck – „Portrait of Jan de Leeuw“, 1436 Jan van Eyck – „Portrait of Jan de Leeuw“, 1436

36. Perfection – St. Peter´s Basilica 1546-1564 A Medici becomes Pope A Medici becomes Pope Italy´s best: Italy´s best: –Bramante –Bernini –Raphael –Michelangelo

37. Humanism – the new theology

38. The icing on the cake – The Sistine Chapel Michelangelo, „Last Judgement“, 1530s Michelangelo, „Last Judgement“, 1530s

39. The Sistine Chapel Michelangelo, „Genesis“, 1530s Michelangelo, „Genesis“, 1530s