1. 1 High Middle Ages

2. 2 I. Farming improved & Trade revived A. New Ways of farming 1. A new heavier plow 2. Horses replaced oxen 3. Three-field system - farmers could grow on 2/3 of their land each year. The other 1/3 would be Fallow.

3. 3 I. Farming improved & Trade revived B. Towns grew larger 1. People left the countryside to settle in towns. 2. Townspeople formed a new middle class a. In Germany - burghers b. In France - bourgeoisie

4. 4 I. Farming improved & Trade revived C. Fairs were centers of trade 1. Local fairs met the needs of daily life. 2. No longer was everything produced on a self-sufficient manor. This was a revolutionary economic change for life in Europe.

5. 5 I. Farming improved & Trade revived D. Guilds controlled crafts & fairs 1. Guild - an association of people who worked at the same occupation. 2. The 1st guilds were formed by merchants 3. Craft Guilds - skilled artisans

6. 6 I. Farming improved & Trade revived D. Guilds controlled crafts & fairs 4. Guild Functions: a. enforced quality b. fixed prices c. dues were a form of insurance

7. 7 I. Farming improved & Trade revived D. Guilds controlled crafts & fairs 5. Training a. apprentice - they worked for a master for 3 to 12 years without pay except room and board. b. journeyman - they would earn wages while perfecting their trade.

8. 8 I. Farming improved & Trade revived E. Towns won new liberties 1. Charters - granted to towns by the lords. a. Charters listed the towns special privileges & tax exemptions. b. A town charter was a declaration of independence from the feudal system.

9. 9 II. Religious leaders wielded great power A. Monks adopted stricter rules 1. Cistercian order - a group that vowed to build their monasteries in the wilderness. Their life of hardships won many followers.

10. 10 II. Religious leaders wielded great power B. Reformers ended abuses 1. In 1059, a church decree declared that all future popes would be chosen at a meeting of leading bishops known as cardinals. 2. Reformers wanted to abolish 3 things:

11. 11 II. Religious leaders wielded great power 2. Reformers wanted to end 3 things: a. marriage of priests b. Simony: selling of church offices c. Lay investiture: a ceremony where bishops & abbots received their church office from a lord or king. The church wanted it done by church officials.

12. 12 II. Religious leaders wielded great power C. Gregory VII 1. He became pope in 1073 2. Gregory’s reforms: a. He ordered all married priests to abandon their families b. In 1075 he banned lay investiture.

13. 13 II. Religious leaders wielded great power C. Gregory VII 3. Concordat of Worms - church officials would give a bishop the symbols of his office

14. 14 II. Religious leaders wielded great power D. Popes ruled a spiritual empire 1. A king who quarreled with the pope faced excommunication. 2. Interdict - another weapon of the pope. No church ceremonies could be performed in the offending ruler’s lands.

15. 15 II. Religious leaders wielded great power D. Popes ruled a spiritual empire 3. The church resembled a kingdom - one ruler, one capital. 4. Canon Law - Law of the church. 5. The Inquisition - an organization of experts whose job was to find & judge heretics.

16. 16 II. Religious leaders wielded great power E. Friars preached to the poor 1. Friars traveled around preaching to the poor. They owned nothing and lived by begging.

17. 17 II. Religious leaders wielded great power F. Churches rose in a new style 1. Romanesque - a type of architecture based on the classical Roman style. 2. Gothic - style of architecture created by Suger (soo-zhay) a. Pointed, ribbed vault and arches b. Flying buttresses c. Notre Dame: most famous Gothic Cathedral

18. 18 III. Royal Governments Grew Stronger Kings had little more power than great lords. Kings began to strengthen their control over their own lands, which laid the groundwork for the growth of royal power

19. 19 III. Royal Governments Grew Stronger A. Norman conquerors ruled England 1. William the Conqueror (1066- 1087) a. Laid the foundation for royal power in England b. Battle of Hastings - William defeated the English. This changed the course of English history. Oct. 14, 1066

20. 20 III. Royal Governments Grew Stronger A. Norman conquerors ruled England 1. William the Conqueror (1066- 1087) c. He made England the most centralized feudal Kingdom in Europe.

21. 21 III. Royal Governments Grew Stronger A. Norman conquerors ruled England 2. Henry II - He was William’s great- grandson. Became King in 1154. a. He strengthened the courts of justice. He introduced the jury. b. Common Law - Formed by royal judges. Basis for law in later English speaking countries including the U.S.

22. 22 III. Royal Governments Grew Stronger B. Magna Carta 1. Signed in 1215, it limited the power of the king of England. 2. Parliament – formed in the thirteenth century, it eventually evolved into the House of Lords and the House of Commons.

23. 23 III. Royal Governments Grew Stronger C. Capetian dynasty ruled France 1. By 1000, France was divided into about 30 feudal territories. 2. Hugh Capet - chosen ruler of France by France’s most powerful nobles in 987. a. He began the Capetian dynasty.

24. 24 III. Royal Governments Grew Stronger C. Capetian dynasty ruled France 3. The growth of royal power will unify France.

25. 25 IV. Crusades In 1095, the Seljuk Turks stormed Baghdad, took Jerusalem, & conquered all of Asia Minor from the Byzantines. Pope Urban II called on the knights of Christendom to rescue Jerusalem & the Holy Lands from the Muslim Turks.

26. 26 IV. Crusades A. the Crusaders Had Many Causes 1. In 1096, between 50,000 & 60,000 knights became crusaders - someone who fights on behalf of a religious cause. 2. Pope Urban II’s goal: *he wanted to reunite Byzantine & Roman Christians

27. 27 IV. Crusades A. the Crusaders Had Many Causes 3. The knights goals: *If they died in battle, they go directly to heaven *glory in battle *spoils of war

28. 28 IV. Crusades A. the Crusaders Had Many Causes 4. The Merchant’s goal: *If Christians held the trade centers of the middle east, then more wealth would flow to European merchants.

29. 29 IV. Crusades B. The First Crusade 1. July 15, 1099 - 12,000 knights capture Jerusalem

30. 30 IV. Crusades C. Later Crusades 1. In 1144, Edessa was re- conquered by the Turks. 2. The 2nd crusade was organized to re-capture the city but it failed. 3. In 1187, Jerusalem was taken by a Muslim named Saladin.

31. 31 IV. Crusades C. Later Crusades 4. The 3rd crusade, known as the King’s Crusade, was led by King Philip of France, Frederick I (Red Beard or Barbarossa) of Germany & Richard I (the Lionheart) of England

32. 32 IV. Crusades C. Later Crusades 4. The 3rd crusade, *Frederick drowned crossing a river in his armor. *Philip got sick and went home. *Richard fought to regain the Holy Land

33. 33 IV. Crusades C. Later Crusades 5. In 1192, Saladin & Richard agreed to a 3 year truce. Jerusalem remained in Muslim hands, but Christians could visit.

34. 34 IV. Crusades D. Crusaders sacked Constantinople 1. In 1202, the 4th crusade was sent to rescue Jerusalem. 2. The crusade ended in disaster when the crusaders attacked and captured the Christian city of Constantinople in 1204.

35. 35 IV. Crusades E. Crusading spirit dwindled 1. Later crusades were aimed at N. Africa. 2. The crusades grew from the forces of religion, feudalism & chivalry. 3. The end of the crusades signaled that the middle ages were drawing to a close.

36. 36 IV. Crusades E. Crusading spirit dwindled 4. It brought a loss of power for the feudal lords. 5. The economic result - Growth of cities.

37. 37 V. 100 Years War The fourteenth and fifteenth centuries were a time of great upheaval for medieval France. In 1328 the Capetian line came to an end. This was the trigger for the Hundred Years War as successive English kings attempted to uphold their claim to the French throne. A devastating assault was to follow, under the warrior-king Henry V, and the French disintegration continued until 1429. After that date the French began a recovery, partly triggered by the young visionary Joan of Arc, that would end with them as the major European military power.