2. Science and Technology Seminars in Tokyo March 27 th 2001

3. Helmer Fjellvåg

4. Science and Technology Seminars in Tokyo March 27 th 2001 Helmer Fjellvåg Professor, University of Oslo

5. Science and Technology Seminars in Tokyo March 27 th 2001 Overview of Norwegian Research on Materials Technology for Energy Applications Helmer Fjellvåg

6. Science and Technology Seminars in Tokyo March 27 th 2001 Academic institutions University of Oslo Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim Applied research institutes SINTEF (in Oslo and Trondheim) Institute for energy technology (25 km N of Oslo) Major companies Norsk Hydro Statoil Elkem

7. Science and Technology Seminars in Tokyo March 27 th 2001 Natural resources; energy; oil and gas Population: 4.4 million Area: 324 000 km 2 GDP: 150 billion US $ Export Polymers Chemical conversion Hydropower 113 TWh (1997) Clean energy Process industry

8. Science and Technology Seminars in Tokyo March 27 th 2001 Structural materials (constructions) Light metals Aluminium Magnesium Offshore constructions Steel Concrete Cars, aeroplanes, reactors, tubes, platforms,...

9. Science and Technology Seminars in Tokyo March 27 th 2001 Weight reduction  reduced fuel consumption reduced emissions Exchange of steel components in e.g. cars by aluminium components by polymer components Light materials in transportation sector

10. Science and Technology Seminars in Tokyo March 27 th 2001 Energy perspective Fossil fuels remain most important in near future (30-50 y) New energy sources not expected on global scale to provide major contributions in a 30 y perspective Of fossil energy sources, natural gas is most environmental friendly 0 400 800 1200 1600 1860190019401980202020602100 Exajoules Traditional bioFossilNuclear Hydro-electricRenewableUnknown

11. Science and Technology Seminars in Tokyo March 27 th 2001 Energy sources FossilRenewable Storage Use Production/conversion Transport Conversion Hydropower Oil, gas Hydrocarbons Motors Heat Electricity 20-40 % efficiency CO 2 NO x 100 years Refinary Oil/gas industry Distribution net for stationary users Present energy technology in Norway

12. Science and Technology Seminars in Tokyo March 27 th 2001 Energy technology of the future Environmental friendly; ”clean” energy sun wind waves Research at intersection between energy and environmental technology Emissions Global climate Local climate Materials for solar cells Oxides for energy applications Materials technology of highest importance Renewable energy sources SunWindHydro

13. Science and Technology Seminars in Tokyo March 27 th 2001 Energy sources Storage USE Development hydrogen technology 2000 -------------------------------> 2100 Gas separation Membranes Catalysis CO 2 -removal H 2 -technology Fuel cells Sustainable Efficient Environmental and climate friendly Hydropower Sun, wind, wave Gas Gas/liquid fuel Improved efficiency Reduced emissions CO 2 and NO x Hydrogen SOFCPEM Electromotors Heat Electricity Solar cells Photolysis Electrolysis New energy technology

14. Science and Technology Seminars in Tokyo March 27 th 2001 New materials - the clue to new solutions structure stability properties yield High Tc Oxygen membranes CMR; SOFC ABO 3 oxides perovskites Ferroelectrics

15. Science and Technology Seminars in Tokyo March 27 th 2001 Natural gas as energy source Exchange of coal and oil by more environmental friendly natural gas Natural gas for use in fuel cells Natural gas as source for hydrogen (or hydrogen carriers) Statoil Norsk Hydro AS

16. Science and Technology Seminars in Tokyo March 27 th 2001 Ethylene Propylene Olefins Synthesis MTO By-products Methanol Natural Gas Methanol Synthesis Synthesis Gas Production Syn.Gas to MeOH Syn.Gas to MeOH Gas To Olefins (GTO) Catalysts for gas conversion The UOP/Hydro Methanol To Olefins Process

17. Science and Technology Seminars in Tokyo March 27 th 2001 MTO Reactions Catalyst D o C Butenes The unique pore size allows selective conversion to olefins and excludes heavier compounds Methanol CH 3 OH Ethylene C2H4C2H4 Propylene C3H6C3H6

18. Science and Technology Seminars in Tokyo March 27 th 2001 Catalysts for gas conversion The Linde, Statoil, Borealis Propane DeHydrogenation process Hydrotalcite + catalyst impregnation Pt, Sn Heat (Mg,Al)O support Propane C 3 H 8 Propylene C 3 H 6 + H 2

19. Science and Technology Seminars in Tokyo March 27 th 2001 Water + primary energy sourcesHydrogen + oxygen --> water Clean energy by means of advanced materials

20. Science and Technology Seminars in Tokyo March 27 th 2001 Hydrogen as energy carrier H 2 + 1/2O 2  H 2 O Chemical energy  heat  electrical energy Production Storage Use Gas; reforming Synthesis gas Pyrolysis Electrolysis Photolysis Pressurized gas Liquid Solid absorbers Fuel cells Combustion Hydrogen society Material challenges Catalysts Alloys for reactors Metal hydrides Carbon Microporous materials Fuel cells Membranes Catalysts

21. Science and Technology Seminars in Tokyo March 27 th 2001 Hydrogen storage materials Metal hydride forming elements ”Rule of 2 Å” for H-H separation High H-mass density High H-volume density Appropriate p,T stability Reversible absorption/desorption metal hydrides carbon based materials micorporous materials

22. Science and Technology Seminars in Tokyo March 27 th 2001 Oxides for energy technology Purification of air for use in oxidation processes ultra clean syngas production (NO x reduction) GTL; lowering of greenhouse gas emissions; CH 4, CO 2 Oxygen permeable membranes (ceramic membranes) dense materials; oxygen transport by atomic diffusion infinite O 2 selectivity; operation at high temperatures Mixed conductors; electron and oxygen ion transport chemical stability; thermal and chemical expansion Related materials used in SOFC; of interest as high Tc, CMR, etc

23. Science and Technology Seminars in Tokyo March 27 th 2001 Materials for oxygen permeable membranes H 2 O + CH 4 Air xH 2 + CON2N2 O 2- 2e - Membrane O2O2

24. Science and Technology Seminars in Tokyo March 27 th 2001 GTL - Ceramic Membrane Process Syngas ReactorFT Reactor Separation / Upgrading Nat Gas / SteamLiquid Products Air Conventional Syngas Ceramic Membrane Syngas Net Process Yield CH4 CO2

25. Science and Technology Seminars in Tokyo March 27 th 2001 High Temperature Solid State Proton Conductors Applications Fuel cells Dehydrogenation pumps Steam electrolyzers Sensors (H 2 O, H 2 ) Mixed Proton Electron Conductors as hydrogen separation membranes - Natural gas to syngas - Hydrogen extraction

26. Science and Technology Seminars in Tokyo March 27 th 2001 Carbon dioxide; absorption, separation and sequestration Low-temperature absorption (post-capture of CO 2 ) traditional scrubbers liquid amines (offshore) carbon fibers new materials CO 2 removal before combustion high-temperature membranes high-temperature absorption Fossil sourceCarbon dioxide formation Chemical energy conversion In the North Sea: 150 gas turbines 50 platforms Oxygen; air

27. Science and Technology Seminars in Tokyo March 27 th 2001 Si-based solar cells Efficiency Costs Feedstock - availabilty Purity requirements SoG-Si Si-production ELKEM Solar silicon Wafers Scanwafer Solar cells ScanCell Solar cell panels SolEnergy Research & education

28. Science and Technology Seminars in Tokyo March 27 th 2001 Production of SoG-Si solar grade silicon Quartz ( SiO 2 ) ) Carbon Primary process MG-Si Siemens process Silicon for electronics SoG-Si 0.03 1 60 25 Feedstock limitations from EG scrap MG-Si New SoG-Si process Current process Metallurgical Grade Silicon Prices in US$/kg Si EG-Si Quartz ( SiO 2 ) Carbon Primary process SoG-Si Direct route to Solar Grade Si

29. Science and Technology Seminars in Tokyo March 27 th 2001 Basic research Fundamental understanding Theory and experiments Visualization of electric currents Magnetooptical active oxide thin films NTNU Trondheim UiO Oslo 1 cm Silver sheath BiSrCaCuO MO-crystal Superconductor research

30. Science and Technology Seminars in Tokyo March 27 th 2001 Sample: NbSe 2, T= 4.3 K Magnetic field: 0.5 G (earth field) University of Oslo, March 3, 2001 First MO-Image of individual flux quanta

31. Science and Technology Seminars in Tokyo March 27 th 2001 Energy sources Storage Use Hydrogen technology Microporous materials Mixed conductors Catalysts Solid ionic conductors Electrode- materialc Fuel cells Sun + water (El + water; gas) Semiconductors for solar cells and photolysis Nano-electro- catalysts Metal hydrides Carbon Microporous materials Ion conducting polymers Gas Gas/liquid fuel Higher efficiency Reduced Emissions of CO 2 and NO x Hydrogen SOFCPEM Electromotors Heat Electricity Hydropower Sun, wind, waves Materials for new energy technology “zero emission”

32. Science and Technology Seminars in Tokyo March 27 th 2001 Summary Main research focuses in Norway: renewable energy sources clean use of natural gas light constructions Solar cells Hydrogen storage Catalysts Membranes Al/Mg alloys Polymers/composites Materials for energy and environmental technology