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Is Perceived Self-Efficacy a Universal Construct?
Psychometric Findings from 22 Cultures Ralf Schwarzer & Urte Scholz Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
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Perceived Self-Efficacy is the belief that one can perform a novel or difficult task, or cope with adversity -- in various domains of human functioning
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Perceived Self-Efficacy
FACILITATES: GOAL SETTING EFFORT INVESTMENT PERSISTANCE IN FACE OF BARRIERS RECOVERY FROM SETBACKS
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General Perceived Self-Efficacy Scale
Ralf Schwarzer & Matthias Jerusalem (1995) Examples: I can always manage to solve difficult problems if I try hard enough. Thanks to my resourcefulness, I know how to handle unforeseen situations. If I am in trouble, I can usually think of a solution. I am confident that I could deal efficiently with unexpected events.
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The full 10-item scale can be copied from the web
The General Perceived Self-Efficacy Scale Source of the English Version: Schwarzer, R. & Jerusalem, M. (1995). Generalized Self-Efficacy scale. In J. Weinman, S. Wright, & M. Johnston (Eds.), Measures in health psychology: A user’s portfolio. Causal and control beliefs (pp ). Windsor, UK: NFER-NELSON. The full 10-item scale can be copied from the web
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The Samples
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Frequency Distribution broken down by Nation
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Age Distribution
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Mean Age per Nation (N = 13,461)
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Distribution of Self-Efficacy Sum Scores for the Total Sample
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Reliability
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Scale Reliabilities (Cronbach’s ) for all Nations
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Unidimensionality
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General Perceived Self-Efficacy Construct
Unidimensionality of the General Perceived Self-Efficacy Construct GSE SE5 SE4 SE6 SE7 SE2 SE1 SE3 SE9 SE8 SE10 .56 .47 .55 .37 .40 .50 .48 .53 .43 .36 .30 .38 .31 1.00
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Group Differences
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Mean Sum Scores Broken Down by Nation
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Mean Sum Scores Broken Down by Nations and Gender
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Validity
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Correlations Between Self-Efficacy And Other Constructs
Correlations Between Self-Efficacy And Other Constructs Self-Efficacy Sum Score of German Teachers (N = 302) Proactive Coping .55 Self-Regulation .58 Procrastination -.56 Emotional Exhaustion -.47 Depersonalisation -.44 Lack of Accomplishment -.75
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Correlations Between Self-Efficacy And Other Constructs
Expected Social Support .43 .30 Self-Efficacy Sum Score of Costa Ricans Women (N = 393) Men (N = 258) Anxiety -.43 -.42 Depression -.46 -.33 Optimism .60 .52
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www.healthpsych.de CONCLUSIONS
The Self-Efficacy Scale Is Reliable And Unidimensional Across Cultures.
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References Schwarzer, R. (Ed.) (1992). Self-efficacy: Thought control of action. Washington, DC: Hemisphere. Schwarzer, R. & Born, A. (1997). Optimistic self-beliefs: Assessment of general perceived self-efficacy in thirteen cultures. World Psychology, 3, Schwarzer, R., Bäßler, J., Kwiatek, P., Schröder, K., & Zhang, J. X. (1997). The assessment of optimistic self-beliefs: Comparison of the German, Spanish, and Chinese versions of the General Self-Efficacy scale. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 46, Schwarzer, R., Born, A., Iwawaki, S., Lee, Y.-M., Saito, E., & Yue, X. (1997). The assessment of optimistic self-beliefs: Comparison of the Chinese, Indonesian, Japanese and Korean versions of the General Self-Efficacy Scale. Psychologia: An International Journal of Psychology in the Orient, 40, 1-13. Schwarzer, R. & Jerusalem, M. (1995). Generalized Self-Efficacy scale. In J. Weinman, S. Wright, & M. Johnston (Eds.), Measures in health psychology: A user’s portfolio. Causal and control beliefs (pp ). Windsor, UK: NFER-NELSON. Schwarzer, R. & Jerusalem, M. (Eds.) (1999). Skalen zur Erfassung von Lehrer- und Schülermerkmalen. Dokumentation der psychometrischen Verfahren im Rahmen der Wissenschaftlichen Begleitung des Modellversuchs Selbstwirksame Schulen [Scales for the assessment of teacher and student characteristics.] Berlin, Germany: Freie Universität Berlin. Schwarzer, R., Mueller, J., & Greenglass, E. (1999). Assessment of perceived general self-efficacy on the Internet: Data collection in cyberspace. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 12, Schwarzer, R., Schmitz, G. S. & Tang, C. (2000). Teacher burnout in Hong Kong and Germany: A cross-cultural validation of the Maslach Burnout Inventory. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 13, Zhang, J. X. & Schwarzer, R. (1995). Measuring optimistic self-beliefs: A Chinese adaptation of the General Self-Efficacy Scale. Psychologia, 38,
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Source of this Presentation:
Scholz, U., Gutiérrez-Doña, B., Sud, S., & Schwarzer, R. (2002). Is general self-efficacy a universal construct? Psychometric findings from 25 countries. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 18, No. 3,
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