1. Feudal System Chapter 13 section 1

2. Effects of Constant Invasions and Warfare Germanic invaders overrun western Roman Empire in 400s Fighting disrupts trade and government; people abandon cities Marks the beginning of the Middle Ages—period from 500 to 1500

3. The Decline of Learning As cities are abandoned, level of learning declines Knowledge of Greek language and culture is almost completely lost

4. Collapse of strong central government The Feudal systems starts in order to replace a strong central government

5. Feudalism Structures Society 850 to 950, feudalism emerges—political system based on land control A lord (landowner) gives fiefs (land grants) in exchange for services Vassals—people who receive fiefs—become powerful landholders Lord would grant the vassal land in exchange for military service.

6. The Feudal Pyramid Power in feudal system much like a pyramid, with king at the top Kings served by nobles who are served by knights; peasants at bottom Knights— horsemen—defend their lord’s land in exchange for fiefs

7. Social Classes Are Well Defined Medieval feudal system classifies people into three social groups -those who fight: nobles and knights -those who pray: monks, nuns, leaders of the Church -those who work: peasants Social class is usually inherited; majority of people are peasants Most peasants are serfs— people lawfully bound to place of birth. Serfs aren’t slaves, but what they produce belongs to their lord

8. The Lord’s Estate The lord’s estate, a manor, has an economic system (manor system) Feudalism was a social order and the manor system was the economic arrangement that supported it. Serfs and free peasants maintain the lord’s estate, give grain The lord provides housing, farmland, protection from bandits

9. A Self-Contained World Medieval manors include lord’s house, church, workshops, village Manors cover a few square miles of land, are largely self- sufficient

10. The Harshness of Manor Life Peasants pay taxes to use mill and bakery; pay a tithe to priest Tithe—a church tax—is equal to one-tenth of a peasant’s income Serfs live in crowded cottages with dirt floors, straw for beds Daily grind of raising crops, livestock; feeding and clothing family Poor diet, illness, malnutrition make life expectancy 35 years Serfs generally accept their lives as part of God’s plan

11. What held feudalism together? A set of mutual obligations Teaching of the church God gave them their position in life so they should not want any different

12. NEXT Knights: Warriors on Horseback The Age of Chivalry The Technology of Warfare Changes Leather saddle and stirrups enable knights to handle heavy weapons In 700s, mounted knights become most important part of an army SECTIO N 3 The Warrior’s Role in Feudal Society By 1000s, western Europe is a battleground of warring nobles Feudal lords raise private armies of knights Knights rewarded with land; provides income needed for weapons Knights’ other activities help train them for combat

13. Knighthood and the Code of Chivalry The Code of Chivalry By 1100s knights obey code of chivalry—a set of ideals on how to act They are to protect weak and poor; serve feudal lord, God, chosen lady A Knight’s Training Boys begin to train for knighthood at age 7; usually knighted at 21 Knights gain experience in local wars and tournaments—mock battles Brutal Reality of Warfare Castles are huge fortresses where lords live Attacking armies use wide range of strategies and weapons SECTIO N 3

14. NEXT The Literature of Chivalry Epic Poetry Epic poems recount a hero’s deeds and adventures The Song of Roland is about Charlemagne’s knights fighting Muslims Love Poems and Songs Knights’ duties to ladies are as important as those to their lords Troubadours—traveling poet-musicians—write and sing short verses Most celebrated woman of the age is Eleanor of Aquitaine (1122–1204) Eleanor’s son, Richard the Lion-Hearted, also wrote songs and poems SECTIO N 3

15. NEXT Women’s Role in Feudal Society Status of Women According to the Church and feudal society, women are inferior to men Noblewomen Can inherit land, defend castle, send knights to war on lord’s request Usually confined to activities of the home or convent Peasant Women Most labor in home and field, bear children, provide for family Poor, powerless, do household tasks at young age SECTIO N 3

16. Changes in the Christian church Chapter 13 section 4

17. The Structure of the Church Power within Church is organized by status; pope is supreme authority Clergy—religious officials—includes bishops, priests, and others Bishops supervise priests, settle Church disputes

18. The Law of the Church Popes have power over political leaders through threat of -excommunication— banishment from Church, denial of salvation -interdiction—king’s subjects denied sacraments and services Kings and emperors expected to obey pope’s commands Why would interdiction be a good threat?

19. Emperor Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII Pope Gregory VII bans lay investiture— kings appointing Church officials Henry IV orders pope to resign; Gregory VIII excommunicates Henry

20. Showdown at Canossa Henry goes to Canossa, Italy, to beg Gregory for forgiveness He was afraid for his soul His bishops sided with the pope And the conflict was causing turmoil in his kingdom Gregory forgives Henry, but lay investiture problem is not solved

21. Concordat of Worms Concordat of Worms is 1122 compromise in Worms, Germany Compromise: pope appoints bishops, emperor can veto appointment

22. NEXT The Age of Faith Church Reform Spiritual Revival Starting in 900s, monasteries help bring about a spiritual revival Reformers help restore and expand Church power Problems in the Church Some Church officials marry even though the Church objects Some officials practice simony— selling religious offices Kings use lay investiture to appoint bishops Reformers believe only the Church should appoint bishops SECTION 1

23. John Wycliffe’s complaints *John thought that services should be conduced in English not Latin. *He also believed the church was too wealthy *The church should be poor.

24. NEXT A Church Divided The Hundred Years’ War and the Plague Pope and King Collide In 1300, Pope Boniface VIII asserts authority over France’s Philip IV Philip has him imprisoned; pope dies soon after Avignon and the Great Schism In 1305, French pope is chosen; moves to Avignon—city in France In 1378, two popes chosen—one in Rome, one in Avignon Each declares the other false, causing split called Great Schism In 1417, Council of Constance ends schism, by having all three popes resign and chooses Martin V as pope. SECTION 4

25. NEXT Scholars Challenge Church Authority Englishman John Wycliffe argues Jesus is head of the Church, not pope Wycliffe preaches against wealth and worldliness of clergy Wycliffe inspires English translation of New Testament Jan Hus—Bohemian professor—teaches that Bible is final authority Hus is excommunicated, tried as a heretic, burned at stake in 1415 continued A Church Divided SECTION 4

26. NEXT The Bubonic Plague Strikes Origins and Impact of the Plague In 1300s, Europe suffers bubonic plague— extremely deadly disease Begins in Asia; spreads to Italy and other countries over trade routes About one-third of Europe’s population dies in the epidemic SECTION 4 Effects of the Plague Town populations fall, trade declines, prices rise Some serfs leave manors for paying work Many Jews blamed and killed; Church suffers weakened stature

27. NEXT The Hundred Years’ War England and France Hundred Years’ War— lasts from 1337–1453, between England and France English king Edward III claims French throne War marks the end of medieval society; change in style of warfare SECTION 4 The Longbow Changes Warfare In 1346, English army with longbows beats much larger French army The English win other victories with longbows in 1356 and 1415 Victory of longbows signals end of reliance on knights Continued...

28. NEXT Joan of Arc Joan of Arc—French peasant girl who believes in visions of saints She leads French army to victory at Orléans; Charles VII crowned king In 1430 England’s allies, the Burgundians, capture Joan in battle The Church condemns Joan as a witch and heretic On May 30, 1431, she is burned at the stake continued The Hundred Years’ War SECTION 4

29. NEXT The Impact of the Hundred Years’ War Hundred Years’ War ends in 1453 France and England experience major changes -rise in nationalistic feelings; king becomes national leader -power and prestige of French monarch increases -religious devotion and the code of chivalry crumbles England begins period of turmoil, War of the Roses continued The Hundred Years’ War SECTION 4

30. The Magna Carta In 1215 English nobles force King John to sign Magna Carta Magna Carta—limits king’s power and guarantees basic political rights English people argue the rights are for all people, not just nobles

31. English Common law The rulings of England's royal courts of justice formed a unified body of law called English Common Law.

32. Parliament Put together by Edward the 1 st to have citizens have a say in raises in taxes Parliament end taxation without representation.

33. The end of the middle ages

34. The Muslim Connection Christian scholars read translations of Greek works made by Muslims Crusaders return with Muslim knowledge of navigation, ships, weapons

35. The Three-Field System Around 800 three-field system used— plant two fields, let one rest This produces more food and leads to population increase

36. Fairs and Trade Europe sees Commercial Revolution— changes in business and trade Trade fairs are held several times a year in towns Trade routes open to Asia, North Africa, and Byzantine ports

37. Development of Guilds Guilds develop—organization of people in the same occupation Merchant guilds begin first; they keep prices up, provide security Skilled artisans, men and women, form craft guilds Guilds set standards for quality, prices, wages, working conditions Guilds supervise training of new members of their craft The wealth of guilds influences government and economy