1. Human Resource Planning and Strategy
Chapter 3
Human Resource Planning and Strategy

2. Learning objectives
Explain the process of human resource planning for future organisational requirements
Describe the process of job analysis
Outline the key components of job description
Explain different approaches to job design
Describe how effective human resource planning can enable the strategic achievement of organisational goals

3. Strategic human resource planning
the development of policy and procedures to ensure the acquisition, development, retention and effective deployment of a workforce that will allow the sport organisation to meet its mission and goals now and in the future

4. The HR Plan
May be component of the sport organization’s general strategic plan or a separate HR strategic plan
forms the basis for implementation of actions to achieve goals, strategies, and measures for recruitment, retention, employee development, succession etc.

5. The human resource planning process
Figure 3.1 Human Resource Planning Process
The human resource planning process
Forecast of staffing and HR requirements
Forecast of external environment
External Environment
Sport industry characteristics
Market conditions
Technology
Government regulation
Labour market
Organisational Mission
Organisation Strategy Objectives HR Strategy
Internal Environment
Size
Culture
Management priorities
Knowledge, Skills, Abilities and career plans of current staff/volunteers
HRM policies and practices
HR Action Plan Implementation and Evaluation

6. The internal analysis
macro level - the organisation’s structure, core values, and culture
Instruments used to assess culture, such as culture inventories, range from generic questionnaires to diagnostic tools which are custom-designed for the organisation.
micro level - the number of employees or volunteers, their skills, abilities and knowledge, qualifications, demographics, salaries, entitlements and performance appraisals.
in-house HR information systems are used for data

7. External environment analysis
determine emerging issues and trends significant for the organisation
Eg government policy, administrative/legal, economy, technology, social and culture and stakeholder environments
The PEST framework or ‘five-forces’ model can be used in this process

8. Forecasting
estimating the size and composition of the workforce required to meet the sport organisation’s objectives
Demand forecasting techniques - 5 major categories: 1 Direct Managerial Input, 2 Best Guess, 3 Historical Ratios, 4 Other Statistical Methods, 5 Scenario Analysis

9. Direct Managerial Input
the number of people in the organisation or the workforce budget adhere to a specific number.
For example, the budget of a state sport organisation is set at $1.5m per annum for staff and in consequence the organisation either appoints new staff or reduces current staffing levels to meet this ceiling.
Strategically the weakness of this approach is that analysis of the human resources required to best meet organisational objectives is often not undertaken

10. Best Guess
managerial judgment process formalised into a demand forecast.
Data on the demand for employees and/or skill and knowledge requirements is collected from each section manager and collated for an overall projection.
Flexible but assumes all managers have the time and ability to produce an accurate forecast

11. Historical Ratios
capture historic trends in the organisation’s demand for human resources.
Overall requirements for staff can usually be strongly correlated with other factors, such as the number of programs delivered, size of membership, or number of games played in a season
simple and easily developed
requires adjustments in a dynamic sport environment

12. Other Statistical Methods
include regression, linear programming, simulations and demand flow models.
The simplest is a linear regression model in which time is used as the independent variable and headcount is the dependent variable.
A common variation is multiple regression techniques in which variables used in the historical ratio approach are used as independent variables
Statistical approaches have an inherent bias in favour of the past as the assumption underlying such analyses is that past trends will continue into the future

13. Scenario Analysis
Development of alternative workforce scenarios through brainstorming
Includes the Delphi technique - where a group of experts provide individual forecasts, which are in turn collated and then sent back to each individual, usually presented anonymously, for another round of forecasting, the process continues until a consensus is reached by the experts

14. Scenario planning
a forward looking process of creating possible future stories and considers the unthinkable
1. develop credible scenarios
2. list key success factors and HR requirements for the organisation to deal with each scenario,
3. focus resources on initiatives that promote these requirements.
Develops an awareness of impending changes and forward planning for changing conditions

15. Determining HR Supply
Internal analysis - the likelihood of retirements, turnover, training needs and future staffing requirements.
Skills inventories are a common method used to collect data on current employees and volunteers.
External analysis - the demographic, occupational qualifications, eligibility and skill availability of the potential workforce
Environmental factors include the aging of labour force, immigration patterns, occupation related supply, and economic conditions

16. Identifying gaps
match the demand analysis forecasts with the supply analysis
gaps indicate either a projected unmet need or a surplus
action plans are used to close the demand-supply gap, outlining objectives, specific activities, recruitment and selection, training and development, performance indicators, rewards and evaluation methods

17. Job Analysis and Design
Job analysis is a systematic analysis of the tasks and responsibilities of a given job, along with the skills, knowledge and experience needed to perform the job
job design is the allocation of tasks to jobs

18. Job analysis produces a job description and a job specification
provides data for performance appraisal that can be used to compare an individual’s actual performance with the specified job expectations.
Is the basis for wage and salary determination
forms a component of legal requirements for hiring, promotional, wage and salary etc

19. Job analysis data obtained via
an interview with the employee who is performing the job or the their manager.
Structured questionnaires completed by the employee or manager and others who have some relationship to the job
Direct observation of the individual performing a job
Diaries or logs of daily activities and tasks
Combinations of the 4 methods will usually provide better results than just using 1 method

20. Job descriptions & specifications
the job description outlines the duties and responsibilities attached to a position
the specification delineates the qualifications and skills required
the job specification and description act as a guide for recruiting the right person
the description provides the basis of remuneration and for performance management

21. Job design
the process of outlining the way work is performance and the required tasks using job analysis
takes into account the needs of both the work group and the organisation in the design of the job.
4 basic approaches: 1. motivational, 2.mechanistic, 3. biological 4. perceptual-motor

22. motivational approach
acknowledges the psychological needs of employees and how the fulfilment of these, when built into job design, can lead to increased job satisfaction, motivation, performance and involvement.
Typical motivational components considered are:
Autonomy
Intrinsic job feedback
Extrinsic job feedback
Social interaction
Task / goal clarity
Task variety
Task identity
Ability / skill level requirements
Ability / skill variety
Task significance
Growth / learning
Promotion
Communication
Recognition

23. The mechanistic approach
underpinned by principles scientific management, time and motion studies, and work simplification
assumes there is one best way to do a job, and by analysing workers movements the most effective way to perform a job can be designed
The key components considered in this approach are:
Job specialisation
Specialisation of tools and procedures
Single activities
Skill simplification
Repetition
Spare time (decrease)
Automation

24. biological approach
based on the human factors related to work design, and is also referred to as the ergonomic approach
concerned with the design of jobs and physical environments to match the physiological capabilities and limitations of people
This approach analyses the physiological needs and physical conditions considering elements such as:
Physical size
Strength
Agility

25. perceptual-motor approach
focus is on human mental capabilities and limitations
jobs are designed to ensure that they do not exceed the mental capabilities primarily by striving to reduce the attention and concentration requirements of jobs, while improving reliability, safety, and user reactions
This approach emphasises:
Facilities
Equipment
Materials
Information

26. Which approach?
On the one hand are the potential organisational costs associated with high mental ability requirements (motivational approach) such as increased training and development, error likelihoods, and compensation requirements. On the other hand, are the potential individual costs of low mental ability requirements (mechanistic and perceptual/motor approaches) of decreased satisfaction, motivation, and compensation

27. Is it easier to outsource HR?
Outsourcing - contractual arrangements with external service providers to deliver a product or service to the organisation
can provide a central product or extensive service across a range of organisations
service level agreement (SLAs) are contracts between service providers and sport organisation that define the services provided, the metrics associated with these services, acceptable and unacceptable service levels, liabilities on the part of the service provider and the customer, and actions to be taken in specific circumstances

28. Summary
SHRM planning provides a framework for organisations to assess where they are, where they want to go, and how they plan to get there
HR planning involves efforts to anticipate and take actions to ensure that the organisation will have the requisite human resources in place to meet its goals
Job analysis and design are key activities in the planning process