1. Chapter Outline Chapter 5: The Roman World, c. 900 B.C.E. to 476 C.E. ©2006, Pearson Education, Inc. Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present I. Early Italy and the Origins of Rome, c. 900–509 B.C.E. II. The Early Republic: 509–133 B.C.E. III. The Late Republic: 133–30 B.C.E. IV. The Roman Empire and the Pax Romana: 30 B.C.E–476 C.E. V. The Rise of Christianity VI. The Roman Legacy

2. Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins Chapter 5: The Roman World, c. 900 B.C.E. to 476 C.E. ©2006, Pearson Education, Inc. I. Early Italy and the Origins of Rome, c. 900–509 B.C.E. A. Geography and Early Settlers of Italy Apennines Latium Indo-Europeans in 2000-1000 B.C.E. Iron Age diverse Etruscans - ninth century B.C.E. Greek colonists - from c. 750 B.C.E. Etruscans city-states

3. Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins Chapter 5: The Roman World, c. 900 B.C.E. to 476 C.E. ©2006, Pearson Education, Inc. I. Early Italy and the Origins of Rome B. Rome’s Origins Legendary accounts: Romulus and Remus, 753 B.C.E. Aeneas, fleeing Troy Latin settlements unite, eighth century Forum C. The Roman Monarchy, 753–509 B.C.E. follows Greek pattern: monarchy > oligarchy > democracy > dictatorship imperium = executive power orders: patricians — senatorial families plebeians — all others

4. Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins Chapter 5: The Roman World, c. 900 B.C.E. to 476 C.E. ©2006, Pearson Education, Inc. II. The Early Republic and the Roman Conquest of Italy: 509–133 B.C.E. A. Establishment of the Republic 509 B.C.E. -Tarquin the Proud establishment of Republic (res publica = commonwealth) consuls - patricians dictator - in times of emergency B. Struggle of the Orders Plebeians fifth century - concessions Concilium Plebis = gathering of the plebians tribunes - 10 sacrosanctus = sacred status plebiscites = decrees Twelve Tables, 450 B.C.E. Gains 367 B.C.E. - one consul magistracies 287 B.C.E. - Concilium Plebis part of Republic C. The Conquest of Italy 509 B.C.E. - Latin League against the Etruscans 390 B.C.E. - invasion of Gauls (Celts) 338 B.C.E. - Latin League dissolved 270 B.C.E. - last of Greek city-states under Rome

5. Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins Chapter 5: The Roman World, c. 900 B.C.E. to 476 C.E. ©2006, Pearson Education, Inc. II. The Early Republic and the Roman Conquest of Italy D. The First Punic Wars Carthage from Phoenician colony dominant in Western Mediterranean powerful navy First Punic War, 264–241 B.C.E. Romans develop corvus (crow) turning naval warfare into land fighting 241 B.C.E. - peace Second Punic War Hannibal attacks Saguntum 218 B.C.E. - Hannibal into Italy 216 B.C.E. - Cannae Carthaginian victory 201 B.C.E. - Zama Scipio defeats Carthaginians Third Punic War Romans attack Carthage, 149 B.C.E. E. Roman Intervention in the East Macedon - Philip V allies with Hannibal 200 B.C.E. - Rome attacks > 197 B.C.E. Philip defeated Seleucids encouraged by Hannibal 168 B.C.E. - invasion of Egypt halted by Rome Greece 146 B.C.E. - control 133 B.C.E. - Pergamum first Asian province F. Society and Religion in early Rome pater familias = family father ultimate authority Religion numina = spirits Jupiter Mars Janus

6. Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins Chapter 5: The Roman World, c. 900 B.C.E. to 476 C.E. ©2006, Pearson Education, Inc. III. The Late Republic: 133–30 B.C.E. A. Effects of Roman Expansion changes: fewer small landowners > proletariat = unemployed greater estates = latifundia government land to wealthy oligarchy of senators B. The Gracchi Tiberius Gracchus Tribune, 133 B.C.E. proposes reforms: limit of 320 acres some public lands seized pushed through > murdered Gaius Gracchus Tribune, 123 B.C.E. proposes further reforms: distribution of wheat commits suicide, 121 B.C.E. C. The First Civil War: Marius v. Sulla Gaius Marius, consul 107 B.C.E. military reform King of Pontus declares war Senate sends Cornelius Sulla Tribal Assembly sends Marius Sulla appointed dictator indefinitely victorius, 82 B.C.E.

7. Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins Chapter 5: The Roman World, c. 900 B.C.E. to 476 C.E. ©2006, Pearson Education, Inc. III. The Late Republic: 133–30 B.C.E. D. The Second Civil War: Pompey v. Caesar Pompey (106–48 B.C.E.) Consul, 70 B.C.E. Marcus Crassus senator given command, 71 B.C.E. slave rebellion under Spartacus Gaius Julius Caesar (100–44 B.C.E.) > First Triumvirate 59 B.C.E., Caesar elected consul by 45 B.C.E., Caesar rules alone 44 B.C.E., assassinated E. The Third Civil War: Antony v. Octavian Octavian (63 B.C.E.–14 C.E.) grandnephew of Caesar defeats opponents Antony - eastern half of empire Actium - defeated by Octavian

8. Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins Chapter 5: The Roman World, c. 900 B.C.E. to 476 C.E. ©2006, Pearson Education, Inc. IV. The Roman Empire and the Pax Romana: 30 B.C.E–476 C.E. A. Reconstruction under Augustus 27 B.C.E. - “Restoration of the Republic” given title Augustus princeps = first citizen B. Julio-Claudian and Flavian Emperors (14–68 C.E.) Julio-Claudians Tiberius Claudius Caligula Nero Flavians Vespasian Titus Domitian

9. Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins Chapter 5: The Roman World, c. 900 B.C.E. to 476 C.E. ©2006, Pearson Education, Inc. IV. The Roman Empire and the Pax Romana C. The Antonines: “Five Good Emperors” (96–180 C.E.) Hadrian (117–138 C.E.) Marcus Aurelius (161–180 C.E.) Meditations D. The Pax Romana E. Roman Society in the Empire collegia = guilds social role

10. Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins Chapter 5: The Roman World, c. 900 B.C.E. to 476 C.E. ©2006, Pearson Education, Inc. IV. The Roman Empire and the Pax Romana C. The Antonines: “Five Good Emperors” (96–180 C.E.) Hadrian (117–138 C.E.) Marcus Aurelius (161–180 C.E.) Meditations D. The Pax Romana E. Roman Society in the Empire collegia = guilds social role

11. Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins Chapter 5: The Roman World, c. 900 B.C.E. to 476 C.E. ©2006, Pearson Education, Inc. C. Spread of Christianity Saint Paul from Tarsus, Asia Minor Pharisee Reasons for Spread Mystery religions Cybele, Isis, Dionysus, Mithras Mary Magdalene Gnostic Gospels Persecution of the Christians Diocletian, 303–311 B.C.E. > martyrs V. The Rise of Christianity A. The Jewish Background 538 B.C.E. - return from Babylonia 63 B.C.E. - Pompey Judea > Province of Syria Herod the Great (37-4 B.C.E.) appointed king by Mark Anthony B. Life and Teaching of Jesus Preaching 12 apostles Pharisees opposing sect crucifixion, c. 30 C.E.

12. Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins Chapter 5: The Roman World, c. 900 B.C.E. to 476 C.E. ©2006, Pearson Education, Inc. 3. The Regular Clergy regula = rule monasticism pre-dated Christianity St. Basil (c.330–379) Asia Minor rule St. Benedict (c. 480–543) rule: vows of poverty, chastity, obedience 4. Official Recognition and Acceptance 311 - Galerius, Edict of Toleration 313 - Edict of Milan, freedom of worship Julian the Apostate (361–363) Theodosius I (379–395) Christianity official D. The Christian Church 1. Church Organization presbyters = elders bishops = overseers diocese = bishop’s territory inherited from Roman administration pope - becomes pre-eminent Leo I (440–61) 2. Doctrine and Worship Trinity Father, Son, Holy Spirit Arianism Father and Son not equal, not coeval > Constantine calls Council of Nicaea, 325 Arianism a heresy Christ coeternal with Father Arianism continues to spread Jerome (340–420) St. Ambrose (340–397) subjects Theodosius I St. Augustine (354–430) Confessions

13. Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins Chapter 5: The Roman World, c. 900 B.C.E. to 476 C.E. ©2006, Pearson Education, Inc. V. The Rise of Christianity E. Third Century Crisis Commodus (180–192 C.E.) low point Severan dynasty (193–235) 235–385 - Civil War 26 emperors latifundia grow coloni (sharecroppers) Diocletian (285–305) stabilization Constantine (306–337) moves capital to Constantinople

14. Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins Chapter 5: The Roman World, c. 900 B.C.E. to 476 C.E. ©2006, Pearson Education, Inc. F. The Germanic Tribes comitatus - war band Invasions Huns Visigoths - 376, into Empire > Valens, Adrianople, 378 Alaric, 410 - sack of Rome settle in Spain 406 - withdrawal of Rhine troops > massive movement 451 - Attila into Europe dies, 453 G. End of the Western Empire, 395–476 C.E. 476 - death of Romulus Augustulus traditional end of Rome Theodoric Ostrogothic king

15. Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins Chapter 5: The Roman World, c. 900 B.C.E. to 476 C.E. ©2006, Pearson Education, Inc. VI. The Roman Legacy A. Evolution of Roman Law jus civile = law of the citizen jurisprudentes = legal scholars B. Roman Engineering and Architecture roads construction concrete vaulting barrel vaults Pantheon basilica rectangular colonnades Colosseum C. Sculpture and Painting portrait busts D. Literature Republic Plautus (c. 254–184 B.C.E.) Marcus Tullius Cicero (106–43 C.E.) Late Republic and Empire Catullus lyric poetry Lucretius Epicurean Vergil (70–19 B.C.E.) Aeneid Horace (65–8 B.C.E.) Ovid (43 B.C.E.–17 C.E.) Art of Love, Metamorphoses Juvenal (c. 50 B.C.E.–127 C.E.) satirical poetry

16. Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins Chapter 5: The Roman World, c. 900 B.C.E. to 476 C.E. ©2006, Pearson Education, Inc. VI. The Roman Legacy E. The Writing of History Livy (59 B.C.E.–17 C.E.) History of Rome Tacitus (55-117 C.E.) Germania Plutarch (c. 46–c.126 C.E.) Parallel Lives F. Religion and Philosophy Epicureanism and Stocism Seneca (4 B.C.E.–65 C.E.) stoic tutor to Nero G. Science in the Roman Empire Pliny the Elder (23–79 C.E.) Natural History Ptolemy Galen