1. Industrial Revolution
World History | Chapter 25

2. Scientific Revolution
Renaissance
Reformation
Age of Exploration
Scientific Revolution
Enlightenment

3. 4/21/2017
Page 716
Andrew Taylor - World History

4. The Beginnings of Industrialization
The Industrial Revolution starts in England
and soon spreads to other countries.

5. Why the Industrial Revolution Began in England?
Britain has natural resources — coal, iron, rivers, harbors
Expanding economy in Britain encourages investment
Britain has all needed factors of production — land, labor, capital

6. Geography
1. What one generalization can be made about virtually all of the major industrial areas in Great Britain in 1850?

7. Geography
2. Which is the only industrial area that is not in a coal producing
region?

8. Geography
3. What was the major industrial activity around Durham in north England?

9. Charles Dickens

11. From farms to cities
Industrial Revolution — greatly increases output of machine-made goods
Enclosures — large farm fields enclosed by fences or hedges
Factories pay more than farms
Wealthy landowners buy, enclose land once owned by village farmers
Crop rotation — switching crops each year to avoid depleting the soil

12. Review
What were four factors that contributed to industrialization in Britain? 1. 2. 3. 4.
Large population of workers
Extensive Natural Resources
Expanding Economy
Political Stability

13. ENGLAND: a leader nation
GETS THE JUMP ON COMPETITION +
FORCED TO UNDERGO “TRIAL AND ERROR” ON MACHINES –
SLOWLY BUILDS FROM ‘BOTTOM UP’ +
ENCOUNTERS ‘MASSIVE SOCIAL PROBLEMS” CONTINENT DOESN’T –
CONTROLS “INDUSTRIAL ‘PSYCHIC’ CLIMATE ” +

14. Transportation
Need for cheap, convenient power spurs development of steam engine
first steamboat
first railroad line

16. Cities turn into slums
Sickness widespread; epidemics, like cholera, sweep urban slums
Life span in one large city is only 17 years
Wealthy merchants, factory owners live in luxurious suburban homes
Rapidly growing cities lack sanitary codes, building codes
Cities also without adequate housing, education, police protection

19. Working Conditions
Average working day 14 hours for 6 days a week, year round
Dirty, poorly lit factories injure workers
Many coal miners killed by coal dust
Child labor

20. Benefits
Creates jobs, enriches nation, encourages technological progress
Education expands, clothing cheaper, diet and housing improve
Workers eventually win shorter hours, better wages and conditions
Problems
New machines lead to unemployment
Poor live and work in unhealthy, even dangerous, environment

21. U.S. has natural and labor, resources needed to industrialize
non-industrialized countries fall further behind
rise of global inequality
European nations, U.S., Japan exploit colonies for resources
Europe and U.S. gain economic power
African and Asian economies lag, based on agriculture, crafts

22. Economics
Laissez faire — Economic idea of government NOT interfering or regulating businesses
Adam Smith — laissez faire defender of free markets, author of The Wealth of Nations
Believed in “natural laws of economics”: an invisible hand would guide the economy

23. Adam Smith Economic liberty guarantees economic progress
Smith’s 3 economic natural laws — 1) self-interest 2)competition
3) supply and demand

24. Capitalism: system of privately owned businesses seeking profits
Socialism: factors of production owned by, operated for the people

25. UTILITARIANISM POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY in late 1700’S by JEREMY BENTHAM
GOVERNMENT SHOULD HAVE POLICIES THAT PROMOTE GREATEST GOOD FOR GREATEST NUMBER OF PEOPLE
JS MILL FURTHERED UTILITARIANISM
UNREGULATED CAPITALISM IS WRONG
Womens’ rights; agric. co-ops; equal division of profits; legal, prison, educational reforms

26. Karl Marx Communist Manifesto 1848
believe society is divided into warring classes
Capitalism helps “haves” (employers)
Hurts “have-nots,” (workers)
BOURGEOISIE = MIDDLE CLASS
PROLETARIAT = WORKERS

27. “From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs”
KARL MARX
Predicted workers would overthrow the capitalists in a revolution
Only proletariat would exist and rule
Eventually the State will wither away
“Workers of the world unite! You have nothing to lose but your chains!”
“From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs”
The Communist Manifesto did NOT influence the Revolutions of 1848

28. Karl Marx
Communism — society where people own, share the means of production
Marx’s ideas later take root in Russia, China, Cuba
Marx’s version of communism was NOT a dictatorship. Has never really been tried.

29. Improvements U.S. ends child labor, sets maximum hours in 1904
Unions
(think back to guilds) goals were higher wages, shorter hours, improved conditions
Children
U.S. ends child labor, sets maximum hours in 1904
Slavery
In 1833, reformers help end slavery in British empire
Women
Women pursue economic and social rights as early as 1848

30. UNIONS
8-HOUR WORK DAY
1 ½ PAY FOR OVER 40 HOURS
VACATIONS
HEALTH BENEFITS
PENSIONS
SAFER CONDITIONS
NO CHILD LABOR
COLLECTIVE BARGAINING: UNIONS REPRESENTED ALL WORKERS ALL AT ONCE (PAY, WORKING CONDITIONS)
STRIKES: IF DEMANDS NOT MET, WORKERS WOULDN’T WORK

32. CHARTIST MOVEMENT: GIVE WORKERS RIGHT TO VOTE
UNIONS
REFORMS HARD FOUGHT TO GET
OCCURRED OVER LONG TIME PERIOD
ENTERED INTO LAWS WHICH HELPED SOCIETY
UNIVERSAL SUFFRAGE: RIGHT TO VOTE FOR ALL PEOPLE (ORIGINALLY ONLY LAND-OWNING MEN)
CHARTIST MOVEMENT: GIVE WORKERS RIGHT TO VOTE

33. AS TIME PASSED OTHER REFORMS OCCURRED HELPED ON BY UNION ACTIVITY:
UNIONS
JANE ADDAMS
AND HULL HOUSE
MOTHER JONES
AS TIME PASSED OTHER REFORMS OCCURRED HELPED ON BY UNION ACTIVITY:
END OF SLAVERY
WOMEN’S RIGHTS
PUBLIC EDUCATION
PRISON REFORM