1. Western Europe Chapter 10
Post-Class: Ch. 10 Reading Outline
Western Europe Chapter 10

2. Dark Ages – the Waning Empire
Bishops (Christian leaders of cities) given judicial powers & responsibility of urban poor
Peasants weakened by debt became tenants of landlords
Late Rome pressured by Germanic barbarians (Goths, Vandals, Franks)
Mercenaries, migrations

4. Timeline 500-1000 CE— Early Middle Ages 900-1100—Transition
Agriculture, trade & politics slow but reviving
Catholic church becomes a spiritual & political power
—Transition
— High Middle Ages
Gains in population, trade & intellectual activity as well as political growth
— Late Middle Ages

5. Western Europe During the
Early Middle Ages
(500 CE to 1000 CE)
~the Foundations of Christian Society
in Western Europe~
Dark Ages?

6. Christianity & Political Order
Unites masses amid chaos
Barbarians convert for legitimacy

8. Christianity & Political Order
Hierarchy provides practical leadership
Judges & educators
Based on tradition, land ownership, ceremonies

9. Political Order & Christianity
But, little formal government
Violence & blood feuds common
Some order from Roman landlords & barbarian warlords
Aristocrats: control of land lends resources (peasants, food, new warriors)
Germanic warriors: military might lends order
Franks were most powerful Germanic state
Example: Clovis

10. Life of the Peasantry Culture minimal & rough Hierarchy of needs?
Rome: population from 500,000 to 80,000
Paris: population of 20,000
Rural villages as population centers
Little education or literacy
Little trade
Focus on subsistence

11. Life of the Peasantry → Peasants become serfs
Unfree farm labor tied to land
Subsistence difficult while lacking technology
Sought safety through landlords

12. Carcassonne: A Medieval Castle

13. Men of Cloth; Men of Letters
Culture maintained by Christian clergy
Only literate members of society
Latin
Scriptoriums
Aided religious & political authority
“Rome” lived on in churches & became spiritual capital

14. In Summary Manor System Self-sufficient manors organize society
Mutual obligations b/t lord & serf
Feudalism
Decentralized, informal military rule
Mutual obligations b/t lords & lords

20. Review
In groups of 4:
Analyze the daily life of each of the following people during the Carolingian dynasty:
Charlemagne; Nobleman; Priest; Serf
What is their motivation? What is their fear? How is their life impacted by other members of society?
Create a script for a skit or write a series of / diary entries letters

21. Carolingians & Charlemagne
Exception to divided informal rule
Carolingian dynasty (686 – 9th c)
Frankish
Charles Martel: starts dynasty
noted for ending Muslim attempts to conquer France
Charlemagne: most important ruler

22. Carolingians & Charlemagne
Desired Christianizing & politically uniting all Germanic peoples
Centralized authority
Crowned by Pope in 800 CE (reflected church power)
Gave land to warriors to cement loyalty
Traveled 2000 miles/yr to maintain direct contact with those governed

24. Carolingians & Charlemagne
Fostered “Carolingian Renaissance”
Trade initiated
Minted silver coins
Manufacturing improved (swords, pottery, glassware)
Learning emphasized
Punctuation, capitalization, & spacing added to script
Curriculum standardized (grammar, rhetoric, logic, math, astronomy)

25. The Carolingian Renaissance

26. Carolingians & Charlemagne
Still…comparatively weak
15 mil inhabitants vs. 50 mil in Abbasid or 100 mil in China
50 acre palace complex vs. 250 acres in Baghdad
Personalist rule meant that when reign ended, so to did many advancements

28. Carolingians ended by invasion
Muslims, Magyar nomads, Vikings

29. The Vikings

30. Post-Class: Ch. 10 Reading Outline
Viking Origins
Norse people from Scandinavia
Think: North, Normans, Normandy, Norway
“Vik” = on the war path
Lifestyle:
Tribal, warrior culture
Polytheistic
Expansion fueled by population pressure
Lifestyle: based on sea: Viking = pirate; a-viking = to go on an overseas adventure; both sexes wore long hair; married women were respected
Government: tribal units, ruled by jarl
Values: culture of war; blood feud common
Education: not important, most illiterate, boys = warriors, girls = wives
Religion: worshiped many gods, used crop and animal sacrifices

31. Viking Expansion

32. Vikings in Eastern Europe
Sailed Russian river systems until reaching Black Sea & Constantinople
Opened trade links b/t Russia & Byzantium
Exported furs & slaves for Byzantine manufactures
Kievian-Rus (proto-Russia)
Mixture of Viking & Slavic ethnic groups
Christianized by Cyril & Methodius (Orthodox)

33. Vikings in Eastern Europe
Russian envoys reported:
“We went among the Germans [the Catholic Franks] and we saw them performing many ceremonies in their churches; but we beheld no glory there. Then we went to Greece [in fact, to Constantinople and Hagia Sophia], and the Greeks led us to the edifices where they worship their God, and we knew not whether we were in heaven or on earth. For on earth there is no such splendor or such beauty, and we are at a loss to describe it. We only know that God dwells there among men…”

34. Vikings in Western Europe
Explored & raided coastal France & Britain
Longships & weapons became sources of fear
Plundering, killing, burning
Wealth & prisoners aided exploration & expansion of slave trade
Settle eventually & Christianized
Normans

35. Viking Impact Fostered expanded trade links in Europe
Intensified local rule
Eastern Europe = city-states
Western Europe = feudalism
Looked to local lords to protect them

36. Post-Class: Ch. 10 Reading Outline
Transitions
(900 CE to 1100 CE)
~Steps toward Progress~
End of raids
Warming of climate
Characterized by:
Expansion of economy
Agricultural techniques/technology
Population growth and economic innovation
Expansion of urban centers
Evolution of Feudalism (from 6th c. onward)
Growth of Limited Government (from 10th c.)
A Characteristic form not found in other societies

37. Post-Class: Ch. 10 Reading Outline
Causes for Transition
Agricultural innovation
Expansion of arable land
Three-field system
Mold-board Plow
New Techniques =
1) Three-field system
Winter crop, summer crop, fallow
New food supplies i.e.: more meat, dairy products, fish, vegetables, and legumes
2) Harness, manure, scythe
3) Crop rotation meant higher yields

38. Causes for Transition
Population growth fuels urbanization

39. Causes for Transition Diffusion of new ideas
Crusades brought contact with Muslims & Byzantium

40. The Crusades Catholic Pope Urban II called First Crusade in 1096
Originally effort to retake Holy Land from Islamic Empires
Resulted in small crusader states in eastern Mediterranean
Supported by Byzantium for striking at longstanding enemy

41. The Crusades Later Crusades lacked success & focus
Crusading hordes disrupted Constantinople’s economy
Italian city-states (Genoa & Venice) desired trade in eastern Mediterranean
Engineered 4th Crusade, which temporarily conquered Constantinople

42. Other Conquests Christian Reconquista of Islamic Spain began in 1061
Christians wrestled control of Sicily from Muslims in 1091

43. Christian Crusades

44. Impact of Crusades on W. Eur
Post-Class: Ch. 10 Reading Outline
Impact of Crusades on W. Eur
One Muslim observer:
“Their bodies large, their manners harsh, their understanding dull, and their tongues heavy. …Those of them who are the farthest to the north are the most subject to stupidity, grossness, and brutishness.”
-Curiosity and a cultural awareness of their inferiority led to widespread borrowing

45. Impact of Crusades on W. Eur
Post-Class: Ch. 10 Reading Outline
Impact of Crusades on W. Eur
Contact w/ more advanced societies yielded:
Adoption of innovations
Arabic numerals
Recovery of Greek & Roman learning
Architectural engineering
Windmills & watermills
Greater trade
Increased demand for silk, cotton textiles, & spices
Desire for direct trade in Asian markets
-One Muslim observer: “Their bodies large, their manners harsh, their understanding dull, and their tongues heavy. …Those of them who are the farthest to the north are the most subject to stupidity, grossness, and brutishness.”
-Curiosity and a cultural awareness of their inferiority led to widespread borrowing
-Windmills & watermills quickly added to the power of Europe

46. Western Europe During the
High Middle Ages
(1000 CE to 1300 CE)

47. Economic Growth
Population growth during transition sparked revival of towns & trade
Early Middle Ages
High Middle Ages
Towns were small with rural agriculture dominating
Towns grew with commerce & people moving to urban areas

48. Towns & Trade Town life exemplified by artisan guilds
Occupations were licensed, standards of quality
Politically & socially influential
Emphasized Christianity
Contributed to building of cathedrals
Adopted patron saints & sponsoring parades
Trade networks develop
Hanseatic League
Italian city-states & Mediterranean

49. Town Dwellings

50. High Medieval Trade

52. Formal Government

53. Royal Kingdoms and Formation of States
Towns and urban population aid in strengthening royal governments
States
England pioneer in creating modern state
William the Conqueror, 1066
France developed slower than England
Hugh Capet, a minor and weak noble, was elected king in 987
Modern German state not created until 19th century

54. The Establishment of Regional States
The Holy Roman Empire
Feudal Monarchies in France and England
Regional States in Italy and Iberia
Church influence in Italy
A complex of principalities and city-states, undergoes rapid urbanization
Muslim influence in Iberia
The focus of the reconquista

55. Regional States

57. High Medieval Universities

58. Town Life during Middle Ages Town Life After High Middle Ages
Nobles had most of the power
1) Lords owned the land where most towns were located
2) Towns needed protection from knights that lords could provide
*status determined by birthright
Power
Middle class had most of the power
1) limited the power of feudal lords by forcing them to grant charter
2) Gained control of great sums of money by organizing banks
*status determined by wealth and ability

59. Mosaic of Political Control
Some still dreamed of recapturing a “Rome”
Holy Roman Empire
Otto
Investiture

60. Mosaic of Political Control
Yet regional states emerged
France
Capetians
England
The Normans & William the Conqueror

61. Mosaic of Political Control
Still Spain & Italy remained more complex
Europeans expand & conquer Muslim held lands

62. Social Development Three Estates
“those who work, those who pray, and those who fight”

63. Social Development
Social change: Chivalry

64. Social Development
Social change: Cities
Independent cities
Guilds

65. Social Development
Social change: Women
Rural
Urban

66. Christianity
Continued to define W. Euro society

67. Christianity High Theology Cathedral schools → universities
Scholasticism & St. Thomas Aquinas
Blend Aristotle & Faith

68. Christianity Popular Religion Sacraments & saints
Monasticism & heresies

69. Post-Class: Ch. 10 Reading Outline
Compare with China
Catching up
Pluralism in Politics
Reason & Faith
Catching Up:
W. Europe = clearly less developed, but making progress
EX- smaller cities, weaker governments, less commercial economy, inferior technology
-One Muslim observer: “Their bodies large, their manners harsh, their understanding dull, and their tongues heavy. …Those of them who are the farthest to the north are the most subject to stupidity, grossness, and brutishness.”
-Curiosity and a cultural awareness of their inferiority led to widespread borrowing
-Windmills & watermills quickly added to the power of Europe
Pluralism in Politics:
-Geographic & linguistic barriers created the political mosaic
-This mosaic led to a militarized society and one with inherent political checks (kings v. church v. nobles)
- Weaker governments probably helped give rise to more independent merchants
Reason & Faith
-Intellectual independence and the faith in human reason combined with Christianity began to create a intellectual culture of more vitality than China

71. Post-Class: Ch. 10 Reading Outline
12th and 13th Centuries
Religion
Is represented in art and architecture
Romanesque and Gothic styles
Vernacular literature (Beowulf, Canterbury Tales) and secular art forms develop as well
Scholasticism combines faith and reason
Peter Abelard
St. Thomas Aquinas
St. Bernard of Clairvaux

73. 12th and 13th Centuries Economy Improvements in Agriculture
Peasant condition improves; landlord power weakens
Growth of Trade and Banking
Use of currency
Market system develops
Guilds organized

74. Europe During The Late Middle Ages (1300 CE to 1450 CE)
~Disease & decline~
Europe During The Late Middle Ages (1300 CE to 1450 CE)

75. Late Postclassical Decline
Key Developments
Professional militaries & use of gunpowder
Population boom & mini ice age
Bubonic plague
Decline of “Postclassical” characteristics
Feudalism in decline, serfdom ending
Aristocracy loses power
Church loses power to State
Intellectual inquiries become separate from state

76. Fishbowl Discussion Questions
To what extent were the Middle Ages a Dark Age?
To what extent do you agree that Charlemagne’s family was a family that forged Europe.
Why might the Middle Ages be a misnomer for this period?
What postclassical themes are present in Western Europe between 550 and 1000 CE?
Why is the term Western Civilization hard to define?
Compare Postclassical Europe to the Byzantine and Muslim Empires.
What was the status of women during the Middle Ages?

77. Post-Class: Ch. 10 Reading Outline
Halloween
What does the interaction between cultures suggest about how Christianity spread in Europe during the postclassical period?
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