2. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Dr. Nikunj Bhatt. V.P.& R.P.T.P. SCIENCE COLLEGE. VALLBH VIDYANAGAR. Dr Nikunj Bhatt

3. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM MALE Dr Nikunj Bhatt

4. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM MALE Dr Nikunj Bhatt

5. TESTIS AND SEMINIFEROUS TUBULE Dr Nikunj Bhatt

6. SPERMATOGENESIS Dr Nikunj Bhatt

7. REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE Estrus Cycle. Menstrual Cycle. Dr Nikunj Bhatt

8. REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE Estrus cycle the regular female reproductive cycle of most placental mammals that is under hormonal control and includes a period of heat, followed by ovulation and complex changes of the uterine lining. in which the endometrium is completely reabsorbed by the animal (covert menstruation) at the end of its reproductive cycle. Dr Nikunj Bhatt

9. REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE Menstrual Cycle The menstrual cycle is a series of physiological changes that can occur in fertile females. Overt menstruation (where there is blood flow from the uterus through the vagina) occurs primarily in humans and some other animals. Dr Nikunj Bhatt

10. REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS Dr Nikunj Bhatt

11. UTERUS Dr Nikunj Bhatt

12. UTERINE LAYERS Dr Nikunj Bhatt

13. OVERY & DEVELOPMENT OF OVA Dr Nikunj Bhatt

14. OOGENESIS Dr Nikunj Bhatt

15. OVULATION AND IMPLANTATION Dr Nikunj Bhatt

16. HORMONES OF MENSTRUAL CYCLE Dr Nikunj Bhatt

17. MENSTRUAL CYCLE Dr Nikunj Bhatt

18. ROLE OF HORMONES Dr Nikunj Bhatt GnRH: The ovarian and uterine cycle are controlled by GONADOTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE secreted by hypothalamus. FSH: FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE Initiate follicular growth and secretion of estrogens by the growing follicles.

19. ROLE OF HORMONES Dr Nikunj Bhatt LH: LUTEINIZING HORMONE Stimulates the further development of ovarian follicle and their full secretion of estrogens, brings about ovulation, promotes formation of the corpus luteum and stimulates the production of estrogens, progesterone, relaxin and inhibin by corpus luteum

20. ROLE OF HORMONES Dr Nikunj Bhatt ESTROGEN: secreted by follicular cells. 1, secondary sex characters. 2, Increase protein anabolism. 3, Lower blood cholesterol. 4, Moderate level inhibit release of GnRH, FSH, LH.

21. ROLE OF HORMONES Dr Nikunj Bhatt PROGESTERONE: secreted by corpus luteum and act synergistically with estrogen. For implantation. high level inhibit GnRH and LH hCG: similar to LH and rescue corpus luteum

22. ROLE OF HORMONES Dr Nikunj Bhatt RELAXIN: secreted by corpus luteum 1,Inhibit contractions of uterine smooth muscle. 2, during labor, relaxes pubic symphasis and dilates uterine cervix. INHIBIN: inhibit release of FSH and to lesser extend LH

23. MENSTRUAL CYCLE Four phases in female reproductive cycle. 1, Menstrual phase. 2, Preovulatory phase. 3, Ovulation. 4, Postovulatory Phase. Dr Nikunj Bhatt

24. MENSTRUAL CYCLE Menstrual phase 1, Menstrual phase: Menses = month. for first 5 days. Events in ovary: 20 or more small secondary follicles begin to enlarge. Filled by fluid from granulosa cells or oozing from blood. Oocyte remain near the edge of the follicle. Dr Nikunj Bhatt

25. MENSTRUAL CYCLE Menstrual phase Events in Uterus: Menstrual flow-50- 150 ml. Decline level of ovarian hormones- progesterone Release of prostaglandins-constrict arteries and oxygen supply deprive and cells start dyeing. Dr Nikunj Bhatt

26. MENSTRUAL CYCLE preovulatory phase 2, preovulatory phase: (Follicular phase) from 6 th day-13 th day. Under the influence of FSH. Estrogens and inhibin decrease secretion of FSH. One dominant follicle become mature. LH increase. Dr Nikunj Bhatt

27. MENSTRUAL CYCLE preovulatory phase Events in uterus: (Proliferative phase) Estrogen level increase in blood Stratum basalis start dividing and proliferation of stratum functionalis. Arteries penitrate into stratum functionalis. Become 4-10 mm. Dr Nikunj Bhatt

28. MENSTRUAL CYCLE ovulation The rupture of mature follicle and release of secondary oocyte in pelvic cavity on 14 th day. Hold on metaphase II Positive feedback of estrogen increase GnRH LH & FSH. Follicle become corpus hemorrhage. Clot absorbed and become corpus luteum. Dr Nikunj Bhatt

29. MENSTRUAL CYCLE postovulatory phase 4, postovulatory phase: (luteal phase) 15 th -28 th days Events in one ovary. All hormones decline and negative feed back suppress ovarian hormones. Dr Nikunj Bhatt

30. MENSTRUAL CYCLE postovulatory phase Events in uterus: under the influence of progesterone and estrogen growth of endometrial glands(for glycogen secretion) and become thick upto 12-18 mm If fertilization does not occur corpus luteum degenerate and prgestarone and estrogen declne and menstrual flow starts. Dr Nikunj Bhatt

31. MENSTRUAL CYCLE Dr Nikunj Bhatt

32. FERTILIZATION Hyaluronidase is the Hormone which Digest Vitelline membrane Dr Nikunj Bhatt

33. IMPLANTATION 6 day embryo in Uterus Dr Nikunj Bhatt

34. DEVELOPMENT Development in Uterine cavity Dr Nikunj Bhatt

35. MATERNAL CHANGES Hormonal Changes: Corpus luteum continues to secrete Progesterone and Estrogen After 3 rd month Placenta it self secrete high Progesterone and Estrogen Prevent menstruation Also Secretes hCG Relaxin hCS [human chorionic somatomammotropin] Also called hPL Dr Nikunj Bhatt

36. MATERNAL CHANGES Physical Changes Increases in blood sugar, breathing, and cardiac output are requiredbloodbreathing During the second trimester, morning sickness subsides, the uterus expands up to 20 times its normal size and movement of the fetus may be felt.uterusfetus Dr Nikunj Bhatt

37. References www.google.com Physiology –tortora. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Dr Nikunj Bhatt

38. THANK YOU