1. Chapter 23: The Male and Female Reproductive Systems

2. Overview

3. Key Terms corpus luteum luteinizing hormone (LH) progesterone
endometrium menopause semen
estrogen menses spermatozoon
follicle menstruation (pl., spermatozoa)
follicle-stimulating ovary testis (pl., testes)
hormone (FSH) ovulation testosterone
gamete ovum (pl., ova) uterus
infertility

4. Reproduction Learning Outcome
Identify the male and female gametes and state the purpose of meiosis.

5. Reproduction Asexual One-celled organisms Divide themselves Sexual
Males and females
Specialized sex cells (germ cells or gametes)
Male are spermatozoa (sperm cells)
Female are ova (egg cells)

6. Meiosis Cell division process Halves the number of chromosomes in cell
Produces gametes
Human gametes have 23 chromosomes

7. The Male Reproductive System
Learning Outcomes
2. Name the gonads and accessory organs of the male reproductive system and cite the function of each.
3. Describe the composition and function of semen.
4. Draw and label a spermatozoon.

8. The Male Reproductive System
Two groups of organs
Primary
Gonads (testes)
Accessory
Ducts
Exocrine glands

9. Figure 23-1 Male reproductive system.
What four glands empty
Secretions into the urethra?
What duct receives secretions
from the epididymis?

10. The Testes Located outside the body proper Scrotum Inguinal canal
Spermatic cord

11. Figure 23-2 Descent of the testes.11

12. Internal Structure Specialized tissue in testis Seminiferous tubules
Sustentacular cells
Interstitial cells

13. Figure 23-3 Microscopic view of the testis.
Where are the interstitial cells located? 13

14. Testosterone Male sex hormone functions
Develops and maintains reproductive structures
Develops spermatozoa
Develops secondary sex characteristics
Deeper voice
Broader shoulders
Narrower hips
More muscle tissue
More body hair

15. The Spermatozoa Individual cells manufactured in seminiferous tubules
Head
Nucleus
Acrosome
Midpiece
Mitochondria
Tail (flagellum)

16. Figure 23-4 Human spermatozoon.
What organelles provide energy for sperm cell motility? 16

17. ✓ The Male Reproductive System Checkpoints
23-1 What is the process of cell division that halves the chromosome number in a cell to produce a gamete?
23-2 What is the male gamete called?
23-3 What is the male gonad?
23-4 What is the main male sex hormone?
23-5 What are the main subdivisions of a spermatozoon? 17

18. Accessory Organs System of ducts that transports spermatozoa Tubules
Epididymis
Ductus deferens (vas deferens)
Seminal vesicle
Ejaculatory duct

19. Semen Mixture of sperm and secretions from various organs
Seminal vesicles
Prostate gland
Bulbourethral glands (Cowper glands)
Functions:
Nourish spermatozoa
Transport spermatozoa
Neutralize acidity of male urethra and female vagina
Lubricate reproductive tract during intercourse
Prevent infection with antibacterial enzymes and antibodies

20. The Urethra and Penis Urethra Carries urine from bladder
Carries reproductive cells outside body
Penis
Corpus spongiosum
Corpus cavernosum
Glans penis
Prepuce (foreskin)

21. Figure 23-5 Cross-section of the penis.
What subdivision of the penis contains the urethra? 21

22. Ejaculation Reflex centers in spinal cord initiate process
Smooth muscle contraction in prostate
Skeletal muscle contraction in pelvic floor
Forceful expulsion of semen through urethra to outside

23. ✓ The Male Reproductive System Checkpoints
22-6 What is the order in which sperm cells travel through the ducts of the male reproductive system?
22-7 What glands, aside from the testis, contribute secretions to semen? 23

24. Hormonal Control of Male Reproduction
Learning Outcome
5. Identify the two hormones that regulate the production and development of the male gametes.

25. Hormonal Control of Male Reproduction
Anterior pituitary produces hormones that control testes
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Promotes spermatozoa formation
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Stimulates testosterone development
Aids sperm cell development

26. ✓ Hormonal Control of Male Reproduction Checkpoint
22-8 What two pituitary hormones regulate both male and female reproduction? 26

27. The Effects of Aging on Male Reproduction
Decreasing
Testosterone production
Spermatozoa production
Prostate secretions
Seminal vesicle secretions

28. Disorders of the Male Reproductive System
Learning Outcome
6. Discuss disorders of the male reproductive system.

29. Disorders of the Male Reproductive System
Infertility
Sterility
Oligospermia (tubule damage)
X-rays
Infections
Toxins
Malnutrition
Vasectomy

30. Structural Disorders
Cryptorchidism
Torsion of testis
Hernia
Phimosis

31. Figure 23-6 Torsion of the testis.31

32. Infections
Sexually transmitted infection (STI) spread through sexual contact
Chlamydia
Gonorrhea
Genital herpes
Syphilis
Epididymitis
Prostatitis
Orchitis

33. Tumors Prostate tumors Can be benign or malignant
Most common cancer of men in United States
Testicular tumors

34. 34

35. ✓ Disorders of the Male Reproductive System Checkpoint
22-9 What are some infectious diseases of the male reproductive tract? 35

36. The Female Reproductive System
Learning Outcome
7. Name the gonads and accessory organs of the female reproductive system and cite the function of each.

37. The Female Reproductive System
Ovaries (female gonads)
Uterus
Passageways
Oviduct (fallopian tube or uterine tube)
External genital organs

38. Figure 23-8 Female reproductive system.
What is the deepest part of the uterus called? The most inferior portion? 38

39. The Ovaries Located in pelvic abdomen Held by ligaments
Attached to uterus and body wall

40. Figure 23-9 Microscopic view of the ovary.40

41. The Ova and Ovulation Ovarian follicle (graafian follicle)
Holds ripening ova
Secretes estrogen
Ruptures to discharge egg cell (ovulation)
Oviduct
Tube that leads to uterus

42. The Corpus Luteum
Formed from remains of follicle after ovum is expelled
Secretes estrogen and progesterone
Usually shrinks and is replaced by scar tissue
Remains active during pregnancy

43. Accessory Organs Uterine tubes Uterus Vagina Greater vestibular glands
Vulva and perineum

44. Figure 23-10 Female reproductive system (sagittal section).
Which has the more anterior opening, the vagina or the urethra? 44

45. The Uterine Tubes Extend from near ovary to uterus
Not connected to ovary
Fimbriae produce current that sweeps ova into oviduct
Cilia in tube lining and peristalsis of tube move ova

46. Figure 23-11 The uterus in microscopic view.
In which part of the menstrual cycle is the endometrium most highly developed? 46

47. The Uterus Organ in which fetus develops to maturity Corpus Body
Cervix
Neck
Fundus
Supporting ligaments
Myometrium
Muscular wall
Endometrium
Specialized epithelium lining

48. The Vagina Distal part of birth canal that opens to outside of body
Fornix
Posterior fornix
Cul-de-sac (rectouterine pouch or pouch of Douglas)
Hymen
Greater vestibular (Bartholin) glands

49. The Vulva and the Perineum
External parts of female reproductive system
Vulva
Labia
Clitoris
Related structures
Obstetrical perineum

50. Figure 23-12 External parts of the female reproductive system.50

51. ✓ The Female Reproductive System Checkpoints
23-10 What is the female gamete called?
23-11 What is the female gonad called?
23-12 What structure contains each ovum?
23-13 What is the process of releasing an ovum from the ovary called?
23-14 What does the follicle become after its ovum is released?
23-15 In what organ does a fetus develop? 51

52. The Menstrual Cycle Learning Outcome
8. List in the correct order the hormones produced during the menstrual cycle and cite the source of each.

53. The Menstrual Cycle
Controlled by pituitary hormones regulated by hypothalamus
Cyclic pattern
Regulated by hormonal feedback
Averages 28 days

54. Figure 23-13 The menstrual cycle.
What ovarian hormone peaks
closest to ovulation? What ovarian
hormone peaks after ovulation? 54

55. Beginning of the Cycle Several follicles in ovary begin to develop
Increased production of estrogen
Thickens endometrium
Elongates uterine secretion glands
Inhibits release of FSH
Stimulates pituitary to release LH

56. Ovulation LH surge in blood Causes ovulation
Transforms ruptured follicle into corpus luteum that produces estrogen and progesterone
Endometrium thickens
Glands and blood vessels increase in size
FSH and LH are inhibited

57. The Menstrual Phase
If ovum is not fertilized, corpus luteum degenerates
Estrogen, progesterone levels decrease
Endometrium degenerates, produces menstrual flow
Endometrium begins to repair itself
FSH released from anterior pituitary

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59. ✓ The Menstrual Cycle Checkpoints
23-16 What are the two hormones produced in the ovaries?
23-17 On what day does ovulation occur in a 28-day menstrual cycle? 59

60. Menopause Learning Outcome
9. Describe the changes that occur during and after menopause.

61. Menopause Menstruation ceases Normal ovarian function declines
Follicles stop ripening
No appreciable amounts of estrogen produced
Uterus, oviducts, vagina, vulva become somewhat atrophied
Vaginal mucosa becomes thinner, dryer, more sensitive

62. Hormone Replacement Therapy
Combination of estrogen with synthetic progesterone prescribed to relieve menopause discomfort
Increases breast cancer risk
Increases thrombosis and embolism risk
Risks increase with duration of therapy

63. ✓
Menopause
Checkpoint
23-18 What is the definition of menopause? 63

64. Birth Control Learning Outcome
10. Cite the main methods of birth control in use.

65. Birth Control Hormonal methods for women
Male contraceptive pill still under investigation
Barrier methods
Mifepristone (RU486) (morning-after pill) for emergency contraception
Fertility awareness

66. Figure 23-14 Surgical sterilization.66

67. Figure 23-15 Insertion of a female condom.67

68. Checkpoint 23-19 What is the definition of contraception?
ED: Please add title.
Checkpoint What is the definition of contraception? 68

69. Disorders of the Female Reproductive System
Learning Outcome
11. Discuss disorders of the female reproductive system.

70. Disorders of the Female Reproductive System
Disorders That Can Contribute to Infertility
Menstrual disturbances
Tumors
Infections

71. Menstrual Disorders Amenorrhea—absence of menstrual flow
Dysmenorrhea—painful or difficult menstruation
Abnormal uterine bleeding
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
Endometriosis

72. Figure 23-16 Possible sites of endometriosis.72

73. Benign and Malignant Tumors
Fibroids
Breast cancer
Mammogram to detect
Endometrial cancer
Ovarian cancer
Cervical cancer
Linked with human papillomavirus
Papanicolaou test to detect

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75. Figure Mammogram. 75

76. Infections Sexually transmitted infections Chlamydia Gonorrhea
HIV and genital herpes
Syphilis
Genital warts
Salpingitis
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

77. Figure 23-18 Pathway of infection.
Do the pathways show an
ascending or descending infection? 77

78. Infertility Learning Outcome
12. Discuss possible causes of infertility in men and women.

79. Infertility More difficult to diagnose and evaluate in women
Infections
Endocrine disorders
Psychogenic factors
Abnormal structure and function of reproductive organs

80. ✓ Infertility Checkpoint 23-20 What is the definition of infertility?80

81. 81

82. Case Study Learning Outcome
13. Referring to the case study, discuss some procedures used to diagnose and treat uterine disorders. 82

83. Word Anatomy Learning Outcome
14. Show how word parts are used to build words related to the reproductive systems. 83

84. Word Anatomy Word Part Meaning Example semin/o semen, seed
Sperm cells are produced in the seminiferous tubules.
fer
to carry
The ductus deferens carries spermatozoa away from (de-) the testis.
crypt/o
hidden
Cryptorchidism refers to an undescended testis (orchid/o).
ov/o
egg
An ovum is an egg cell.
men/o
uterine bleeding
Amenorrhea is absence of menstrual flow.
mast/o
breast
A mastectomy is surgical removal of the breast.
salping/o
tube
Salpingitis is inflammation of a tube, such as the uterine tube.

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