1. Reproductive Behavior
Chapter 9
Reproductive Behavior
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2. Chapter 9 Outline Sexual Development
Hormonal Control of Sexual Behavior
Neural Control of Sexual Behavior
Parental Behavior
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3. Sexually _________________behavior
Sexual Development
Sexually _________________behavior
A behavior that has different forms or that occurs with different probabilities or under different circumstances in _____________________.
Courting behavior
Mating behavior
Parental behavior
Aggression
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4. Sexual Development Sexual development ______________: Sex chromosome:
A mature reproductive cell; a sperm or ovum.
__________: contains one member of a pair of ___ chromosomes
Sex chromosome:
The X and Y chromosomes, which determine an organism’s gender. Normally, females are XX and males are XY.
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5. Gender is determined by the ___ chromosome in the sperm.
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6. Development of the sex organs __________
Sexual Development
Development of the sex organs
__________
An ovary or testis.
____
The gene of the Y chromosome whose produce instructs the undifferentiated fetal gonads to develop into testes.
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7. Natures impulse is to build a female body unless instructed to do otherwise.
Exposure to sex hormones _________________ is responsible for sexual dimorphism.
The immature gonad is capable of becoming female (ovary) or male (testes).
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9. _____________effect (of hormone)
Sexual Development
Development of the sex organs: hormomes have both organizational and activational effects
_____________effect (of hormone)
The effect of a hormone on tissue differentiation and development. These effects are ___________.
______________effect (of hormone)
The effect of a hormone that occurs in the fully developed organism; may depend on the organism’s prior exposure to the organizational effects of hormones.
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10. The immature gonad has both a Müllerian and Wolffian system
Sexual Development
Internal sex organs:
The immature gonad has both a Müllerian and Wolffian system
_______________system
The embryonic precursors of the female internal sex organs.
________________system
The embryonic precursors of the male internal sex organs.
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11. Anti-Müllerian hormone
Sexual Development
Internal sex organs
Anti-Müllerian hormone
A peptide secreted by the fetal testes that inhibits the development of the Müllerian system, which would otherwise become the ________________________.
Defeminizing effect
An effect of a hormone present early in development that reduces or prevents the later development of anatomical or behavioral characteristics typical of females.
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12. _______________effect
Sexual Development
Internal sex organs
_____________
A male sex steroid hormone. Testosterone is the principal mammalian androgen.
_______________effect
An effect of a hormone present early in development that promotes the later development of anatomical or behavioral characteristics typical of males.
_______________
The principal androgen found in males.
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13. ____________________________
Sexual Development
Internal Sex Organs
Dihydrotestosterone
An androgen, produced from testosterone through the action of the enzyme 5 reductase.
____________________________
A condition caused by a congenital lack of functioning androgen receptors; in a person with XY sex chromosomes, causes development of a female with testes but no internal sex organs. The external genitalia are _______________________________________.
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14. Persistent Müllerian duct syndrome
Sexual Development
Internal sex organs
Persistent Müllerian duct syndrome
A condition caused by a congenital lack of
anti-Müllerian hormone or receptors for this hormone;
in a male, causes development of ________________________________________. The presence of the female anatomy disrupts the functioning of the male anatomy.
___________________
The presence of only one sex chromosome (X0); characterized by lack of ovaries but otherwise normal female sex organs and genitalia. (Usually the result of a defective sperm.)
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17. _______________________________
Sexual Development
_______________: The onset of puberty is governed by the hypothalamus by the initiation of the secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone.
_______________________________
A hypothalamic hormone that stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to secrete gonadotropic hormone.
______________________hormone
A hormone of the anterior pituitary gland that has a stimulating effect on cells of the gonads.
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19. _______________________
Sexual Development
Sexual maturation (2 gonadotropic hormones are secreted by the pituitary)
_______________________
The hormone of the anterior pituitary gland that causes development of an ovarian follicle and the maturation of it as an ovum.
__________________
A hormone of the anterior pituitary gland that causes ovulation and development of the ovarian follicle into a corpus luteum.
In males these same hormones cause the ____________________________________________
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20. Sexual maturation (Female) _______________
Sexual Development
Sexual maturation (Female)
_______________
The principal estrogen of many mammals, including humans.
________________
A class of sex hormones that causes maturation of the female genitalia, growth of breast tissue, and development of other physical features characteristic of females.
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21. Sexual maturation (Male) ____________________
Sexual Development
Sexual maturation (Male)
____________________
The principal androgen of many mammals, including humans.
______________
A class of sex hormones that causes maturation of the male genitalia, growth of facial and body hair, lowering of the voice, muscle development, and development of other physical features characteristic of males.
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22. Hormonal Control of Sexual Behavior
Hormonal control of female reproductive cycles
__________________
The female reproductive cycle of most primates,
including humans, characterized by growth of the
lining of the uterus, ovulation, development of a
corpus luteum, and (if pregnancy does not occur) menstruation.
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23. Hormonal Control of Sexual Behavior
Hormonal control of female reproductive cycles
_________________
The female reproductive cycle of mammals other than primates.
___________________
A cluster of epithelial cells surrounding an oocyte which develops into an ovum.
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25. Hormonal Control of Sexual Behavior
Hormonal control of female reproductive cycles
Menstrual or estrus cycles
____________________
A cluster of cells that develops from the ovarian follicle after ovulation; secretes estradiol and progesterone.
______________________
A steroid hormone produced by the ovary that maintains the endometrial lining of the uterus during the later part of the menstrual cycle and during pregnancy.
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26. The surge in LH causes _____________.
FSH stimulates the growth of an ovarian follicle (a sphere of cells surrounding each ovum).
The follicle secretes estradoil which in turn causes the pituitary to secrete LH.
The surge in LH causes _____________.
Following ovulation the ruptured follicle becomes the corpus luteum which secretes progesterone and estradiol which promote pregnancy.
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27. Hormonal Control of Sexual Behavior of Laboratory Animals Males
Intromission, pelvic thrusting, ejaculation
________________
A period of time after a particular action (for example, an ejaculation by a male) during which that action cannot occur again.
___________________
The restorative effect of introducing a new female sex partner to a male that has apparently become “exhausted” by sexual activity.
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28. Hormonal Control of Sexual Behavior of Laboratory Animals
Females
______________
A sexual spinal reflex seen in many four-legged
animals. Female mammals; arching of the back in response to approach of a male or to the touch of
the flanks, which elevates the hindquarters.
In the absence of this reflex intromission is no possible.
No recreational (non-reproductive) mating behavior.
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29. Castrated at birth
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30. ____________________
Organizational Effects of Androgens on Behavior: Masculinization and Defeminization
Effects of pheromones
__________________
A chemical released by one animal that affects the behavior or physiology of another animal; usually smelled or tasted.
____________________
The slowing and eventual cessation of estrous cycles in groups of female animals that are housed together; caused by a pheromone in the animal’s urine.
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31. ____________________
Organizational Effects of Androgens on Behavior: Masculinization and Defeminization
Effects of pheromones
____________________
The synchronization of the menstrual or estrous cycle of a group of females, which occurs only in the presence of a pheromone in a male’s urine.
________________________
The earlier onset of puberty seen in female animals that are housed with males; caused by a pheromone in the male’s urine.
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32. _________________________
Organizational Effects of Androgens on Behavior: Masculinization and Defeminization
Effects of Pheromones
___________________
Termination of pregnancy caused by the odor of a pheromone in the urine of a male other than the one that impregnated the female.
_________________________
A sensory organ that detects the presence of certain chemicals, especially when a liquid is actively sniffed; mediates the effects of some pheromones.
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33. ____________________
Organizational Effects of Androgens on Behavior: Masculinization and Defeminization
Effects of pheromones
____________________
A neural structure located in the main olfactory bulb that receives information from the vomeronasal organ.
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34. Menstrual synchronization Essence of Genieve
Pheromones in humans
Menstrual synchronization
Essence of Genieve
May function to ____________________
Androstadienone (AND) in male sweat induces alertness and _________________in women, but not in men. Could play a role in bonding, mate attraction and mate recognition.
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36. Female initiation promotes conception
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37. Neural Control of Sexual Behavior
Prenatal androgenization of genetic females
_______________________________ (CAH)
A condition characterized by hypersecretion of androgens by the adrenal gland; in females, causes masculinization of the external genitalia.
Increase in bisexual and homosexual orientation.
Increase play with male-typical toys.
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38. Sexual Orientation
Sexual orientation refers to a person’s preference for emotional and sexual relationships with individuals of the same sex, other sex and/or either sex; an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one’s own gender (homosexual orientation) or the other gender (heterosexual orientation)
Homosexual
Bisexual
Heterosexual
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39. Sexual Preference
About 4% of the adult population is homosexual – sexual behavior is directed towards members of one’s own gender.
Neuronal factors: LeVay (1991) found that one region of the hypothalamus was two times larger in hetersexual males compared to that for homosexual males. In male monkeys the surgical destruction of these cells reduced the monkeys interest in females, but did not reduce _____________.
Revision 2006 PSB

40. Sexual Motivation Origins of Homosexuality
Identical twins have highest concordance (similarity) rates for sexual orientation compared to fraternal twins and adoptive siblings.
Same pattern exists for males and females.
This suggests that sexual orientation is influenced by genes.
Figure 8.8 from:
Kassin, S. (1998). Psychology, second edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Sources:
Bailly, J. M., & Pillard, R. C. (1991). A genetic study of male sexual orientation. Archives of General Psychiatry, 48,
Bailly, J. M., Pillard, R. C., Neale, M. C., & Agyei, Y. (1993). Heritable factors influence sexual orientation in women. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50,
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41. Bailey & Pillard (1991; 1992) Male homosexuality concordance rates:
52% identical twin
22% fraternal twin
11% adopted brother
Female homosexuality concordance rates:
48% identical twin
16% fraternal twin
6% adopted sister
Revision 2006 PSB

42. Origins of Sexual Orientation
Homosexuality is more likely to be based on biological factors like differing brain centers, genetics, parental hormone exposure, than _________________________________.
OBJECTIVE 15| Discuss the research on environmental and biological influences on sexual orientation.
Cynthia Johnson/ Time magazine
Homosexual parents
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43. The Homosexual Man’s Brain
The size of the anterior hypothalamus is smaller (LeVay, 1991) and anterior commissure is larger (Allen & Gorski, 1992) in homosexual men.
Anterior
Commissure
Anterior
Hypothalamus
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44. Hormones & Sexual Orientation
Prenatal hormones affect sexual orientation during _______________ of fetal development.
Animals: Testosterone exposure to fetus results in females (sheep) showing homosexual behavior.
Humans: Female hormone exposure to male or female fetus (human) results in attraction to males.
Heterosexual
male
Homosexual
Heterosexual
female
Revision 2006 PSB

45. Sexual Orientation
Recent data suggests that male homosexuality is more common among the male relatives of the men’s _________ side of the family. The gene for sexual orientation is located on the x chromosome – the only chromosome inherited exclusively from one’s __________.
Area Xq28 is believe to most strongly influence sexual orientation.
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46. Changing Attitudes
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48. Neural Control of Sexual Behavior Males ___________________ (MPA)
An area of cell bodies just rostral to the hypothalamus; plays an essential role in male sexual behavior.
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49. Neural Control of Sexual Behavior Males
Sexually dimorphic nucleus (SDN)
A nucleus in the preoptic area that is much larger in males than in females; first observed in rats; plays a role in male sexual behavior.
The size of this nucleus appears to depend on ________________________________________.
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50. Neural Control of Sexual Behavior Males
Nucleus paragigantocellularis (PGi)
A nucleus of the medulla that receives input from the medial preoptic area and contains neurons whose axons form synapses with motor neurons in the spinal cord that participate in sexual reflexes in males.
The PGi inhibits sexual reflexes by releasing serotonin on spinal nuclei. The MPA pathway must act to suppress PGi inhibition for sexual reflexes to occur.
SSRI drugs emulate PGi inhibition and depress ________________.
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53. Neural Control of Sexual Behavior Females
____________________________________(VMH)
A large nucleus of the hypothalamus located near the walls of the third ventricle; plays an essential role in female sexual behavior.
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56. Pair bonding
Increase levels of vasopressin and oxytocin are observed in_____________, relative to polygynous ones, and injections of vasopressin can transform polygynous rodents into _____________pair bonding.
Biologically fitness is determined by procreation, and parental behavior is critical for reproductive success.
Maternal behavior is established by a hormonal sequence associated with reproduction.
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58. Virgin females injected with hormones that duplicates this sequence will rapidly begin to display maternal care for pups.
Pair bonding between mother and offspring appear to involve ___________________.
fMRI studies show that when mothers are shown photos of their infants that brain centers that contain receptor sites for vasopressin and oxytocin are activated, as well as brain regions involved in ________________.
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59. Male and female behaviors are not simply the result of socialization.
Summary
Male and female behaviors are not simply the result of socialization.
The case of Brenda described by Carlson suggests that the infant’s brain was masculinized by early exposure to androgens and Brenda was unable to adjust to the female body and role expectations that had been surgically and chemically constructed for her.
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