1. I.Male Reproductive System
Organs: testes, ducts, glands & supporting structures
Supporting structures include scrotum & penis
Ducts: epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory ducts & urethra
Glands: seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral glands

2. Figure 23.1

3. A. Scrotum Pouch that supports the testes
Septum separates into separate sections for each testis
Sperm requires temperatures 2-3oC below body temperature
allows raising and lowering testes to adjust temperature

4. B. Testes Paired oval glands
lobules containing seminiferous tubules
Sperm producing cells and nurse cells (protect sperm)

5. C. Epididymis Stores sperm before ejaculation
Comma shaped on top of testes

6. Figure 23.2a

7. Figure 23.2b

8. D. Spermatogenesis Occurs in seminiferous tubules
Cell types involved: spermatagonia, sertoli cells & interstitial cells (leydig cells)
move into->epididymis

9. Spermatogenesis stages
Takes ~65-75 days from first division to release
~300 million /day
Life span ~ 48 hrs in female tract

10. Figure 23.3

11. E. Sperm Structure: Head, middle, tail tail- flagellum = motility
Middle - mitochondria = energy
Head-chromosomes + acrosomal cap
acrosome-enzymes-> penetrating egg

12. Figure 23.4

13. F. Sperm route
Testes ->Epididymis vas (ductus) deferens
 urethra

14. G. Semen 2.5-5 ml per ejaculation 50-150 million sperm per ml
When number falls below 20 million/ml – sterile ph

15. H. Accessory Glands Seminal vesicles- seminal fluid-
Fructose (sperm ATP production
+ alkalinity (neutralize acid in tracts)
60% of ejaculate

16. Prostate- surrounds upper urethra
Increases volume + adds antibiotics
Citric acid for energy
25% of ejaculate
Bulbourethral glands:
More alkalinity + mucus fluid
Pre ejaculate
10 % of ejaculate

17. I. Penis Contains urethra- Glans has external urethral oriface
Passage for semen & urine
Glans has external urethral oriface
Uncircumcised glans covered by prepuce

18. Figure 23.6

19. II.Female Reproductive System
Ovaries: paired organs- produce
secondary oocytes ova (after fertilization)
Hormones: progesterone & estrogens
From same embryonic tissue as testes
uterine (fallopian) tubes & uterus
vagina
External organs (vulva or pudendum)

20. A. Histological Structure of Ovary
Germinal epithelium- covers surface
Ovarian cortex: connective tissue containing follicles
Follicle; oocyte + surrounding cells
Surrounding cells nourish oocyte & produce hormones
Grows during maturation 
Graafian follicle ovulation
Post ovulation  corpus luteum
Progesterone, relaxin & inhibin

21. Figure 23.6

22. Figure 23.7

23. B. Uterine Tubes Two tubes- extend laterally from uterus
End in fringe  Fimbriae
Fimbriae sweep secondary oocyte into tube
Oocyte moved by cilia lining wall
Zygote reaches uterus in ~7 days

24. C. Uterus Pathway for sperm & site of implantation
Fundus -Dome-shaped area above tubes=
Body – tapering central portion
Cervix- narrow opening into vagina
Uterine cavity- interior of body

25. Vagina extends from exterior to cervix
Receptacles for penis and outlet for menstrual flow
Fornix- recess surrounds cervix
Acid environment- prevents bacterial growth
Smooth muscular layer- adjusts for intercourse or birth
Thin membrane fold can cover vaginal orifice = hymen

26. Figure 23.9

27. Perineum & vulva (cont.)
Clitoris- small cylindrical mass of erectile tissue & nerves
Also contains prepuce & glans
External urethral oriface- anterior to vaginal oriface

28. Female Reproductive Cycle
20-34 days- cycles in both ovaries & uterus
Ovarian cycle= maturation of follicle, ovulation & corpus luteum formation
Uterine Cycle= menstrual cycle
controlled by hormones from ovary
Estrogens growth of endometrium Progesterone supports endometrium for implantation
Combine cycles = Reproductive cycle

29. Figure 23.12

30. Hormonal Regulation GnRH (hypothalamus) controls GnRH FSH & LH
FSH follicle growth & estrogen secretion
High estrogen  LH surge  ovulation
LH supports corpus luteum  progesterone & estrogen secretion + relaxin & inhibin
Inhibin  decreased FSH release

31. Gonadotropin releasing hormone= GnRH
Comes from hypothalamus and stimulates the release of FSH from pituitary.

32. Hormones FSH – Follicle stimulating hormone LH- Lutenizing hormone
Follicle stimulated to start maturing an egg
Starts to rise at the end of the cycle and during menstruation. An egg starts to mature.
Spikes during ovulation
LH- Lutenizing hormone
Peaks as estrogen peaks
Helps to cause ovulation

33. Hormones Estrogen: Progesterone
Development & maintenance of reproductive structures & secondary characteristics
Tells the uterine lining to build up
From follicle
Progesterone
maintains uterine lining for implantation
Prepares breast for milk production
From corpus luteum

34. hCG- human chorionic gonadotropin
Made by embryo
Tells corpus luteum to keep making progesterone to maintain lining

35. Relaxin= relaxes uterus- inhibits myometrium
Inhibin- inhibits FSH release

37. Phases of Cycle Menstrual phase: ~1st 5 days of cycle
Several Ovarian follicles enlarge
Decreased progesterone & estrogen uterine arteries constrict endometrium sloughs off
Preovulatory- between menstruation & ovulation
Ovaries: follicles grow & secrete estrogen & inhibin one dominates
Uterus: growth of new endometrium

38. Phases of Cycle (cont.) Ovulation Postovulatory-
Release of 2o oocyte with LH surge
Postovulatory-
Ovaries: follicle collapses corpus luteum (luteal phase)
If no fertilization  FSH & LH  corpus albicans & decreased Progesterone  menstruation

39. Phases of Cycle (cont.)
If fertilization & division human chorionic Gonadotrophin (hCG) stimulates corpus luteum secretion
Uterus: Progesterone & estrogens complete development of uterus for implantation

40. Figure 23.13