1. The Reproductive Systems
B. Female reproductive system
1. Ovaries
a. Oogenesis
2. Uterine (fallopian) tubes
3. Uterus
4. Vagina
5. Vulva
6. Perineum
7. Mammary glands
C. Female reproductive cycle
1. Hormonal regulation
2. Phases of the female reproductive cycle
a. Menstrual phase (menstruation)
b. Preovulatory phase
c. Ovulation
d. Postovulatory phase
D. Physiology of sexual intercourse
A. Male reproductive system
1. Scrotum
2. Testes
a. Spermatogenesis
b. Spermatozoa
c. Hormones of the brain- testicular axis
3. Ducts
a. Ducts of the testis
b. Epididymis
c. Ductus (vas) deferens
d. Ejaculatory ducts
e. Urethra
4. Accessory sex glands
5. Semen
6. Penis

2. What is reproduction?
What is the essential difference between mitosis and meiosis?
How are the organs of reproduction grouped according to function?
1. gonads
2. ducts
3. accessory glands

3. Male Reproductive System
Scrotum
1. Dartos' fascia
2. cremaster muscle
3. temperature regulation
4. cremaster reflex

4. Other Male Structures 1. descent of the testes 2. spermatic cord
3. inguinal canal
4. deep inguinal ring
5. superficial inguinal ring

5. Testes 1. inguinal canals 2. tunica vaginalis 3. tunica albuginea
lobules
5. seminiferous tubules
_______________________
spermatogenesis

6. Spermatogenesis 1. spermatogonium (2n) a. mitosis b. meiosis
2. 1° spermatocyte
(2n4c)
° spermatocytes
(1n2c)
4. 4 spermatids (1n1c)
spermatogonia
1o spermatocyte
2o spermatocyte
spermatids
spermatozoa

7. Spermatozoa 1. spermiogenesis (Sertoli cell) a. nourishment
b. protection
c. anatomical maturation
(head, midpiece, tail)
million/day
3. life expectancy =72 hrs
(up to 6 days)

8. Male Sex Hormones 1. Gn-RF 2. FSH and LH 3. Sertoli cells =inhibin
4. interstitial endocrinocytes
(Leydig cells) = testosterone

9. Hormonal Control of Male Reproduction
hypothalamic Gn-RF
anterior pituitary gland
follicle-stimulating hormone
luteinizing hormone
testes
sustentacular cells
spermatogonia
interstitial cells
prepares for spermiogenesis
inhibin secretion
enter spermatogenesis
testosterone secretion
development of primary male sex characteristics
(before birth)
development of secondary male sex characteristics (beginning at puberty)
enlargement of sex organs
activation of accessory organs
beginning of sexual behavior
increased protein anabolism
required for spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis
negative feedback

10. Male Ducts 1. straight tubules --> rete testis -->
efferent ductules -->
2. ductus epididymis
a. functional maturation
b. storage (40-60 days)
c. resorption
3. ductus (vas) deferens
a. path in the body
b. ampulla of the vas

11. Male Ducts, Con’t 4. ejaculatory ducts 5. urethra a. prostatic
b. membranous
c. penile

12. Accessory Sex Glands 1. seminal vesicles 2. prostate gland
3. bulbourethral glands

13. Accessory Gland Fluid Components
1. seminal vesicle fluid (60% of semen)
a. Fructose, citrate
b. prostaglandins
c. proseminogelin
2. prostatic fluid (30% of semen)
a. Calcium, citrate, phosphate
b. clotting enzymes
c. Serine protease (PSA)
3. bulbourethral fluid (trace)
a. mucous
b. buffers
Semen (seminal fluid) = sperm + accessory gland secretions

14. Semen (sperm + seminal fluid)
Sperm (10%) + accessory gland secretions (90%)
2 – 5 ml per ejaculate with 50 – 120 million sperm per ml
What happens at ejaculation?
1. Prostatic fluid and seminal vesicle fluids mixed at emission
proseminogelin  seminogelin by prostatic clotting enzymes
semen becomes sticky
entangles sperm, sticks semen to vaginal and cervical surfaces
prevents semen from draining out of vagina
2. Prostatic serine protease breaks down seminogelin after min
semen liquifies
sperm become very active
prostaglandins help to thin cervical mucus plug and may stimulate uterine
contractions, helping sperm into uterine cavity
3. Two requirements for sperm motility are met
vaginal pH (3.5 – 4.0) brought to 7.5
fructose and other sugars provide substrate for sperm ATP production

15. Penis 1. root (bulb and crura) 2. body (a) corpora cavernosa
(b) corpus spongiosum
3. glans (prepuce)
_______________________
erection

16. Female Reproductive System
Organs include:
2 ovaries
2 uterine tubes
(oviducts/Fallopian tubes)
1 uterus
1 vagina
external genitalia
________________________
mammary glands

17. Ovaries 1. development 2. location 3. germinal epithelium
4. tunica albuginea
5. stroma
6. follicles

18. Oogenesis 1. mitosis in fetal life 2. arrested meiosis
3. 7 million at 5th month -->
2 million at birth -->
40,000 at puberty
(~480 ovulations =
~13/yr = ~37 yr)
4. Gn-RF
5. FSH
6. LH
7. estrogen
Arrested in prophase I
2n4c
Arrested in metaphase II
1n2c

19. Ovarian Follicles ( immature oocyte + follicular cells)
Ovarian cycle (6 Stages)
1. primordial follicle- primary oocyte arrested in prophase I, thin layer of follicular cells
2. primary follicle- meiosis resumes, consists of primary oocyte and one to several layers of follicular cells
3. secondary follicle- consists of secondary oocyte arrested in meiosis II. (metaphase II) Contains antrum- fluid filled pools or small cavity
4. tertiary follicle- consists of secondary oocyte with very large antrum. (mature graafian follicle)
5. corpus luteum- remants of follicle after ovulation
6. corpus albicans- scarred over follicle

20. Ovarian Cycle 1. Primordial follicle 2. Primary follicle
3. Secondary follicle
4. Tertiary follicle
5. Corpus Luteum
6. Corpus Albicans

22. Uterine Tubes 1. location 2. sections a. fimbriae b. infundibulum
c. ampulla
d. isthmus
3. histology
Ciliated simple
columnar

23. Uterus 1. location 2. sections a. fundus b. corpus (body) c. cervix
(mucous plug)
3. anteverted

24. Uterus Continued 4. rectouterine pouch vesicouterine pouch
5. blood supply
a. uterine arteries
b. spiral arterioles

25. Uterus Histology 6. histology a. perimetrium b. myometrium
c. endometrium
(1) stratum basalis
(2) stratum functionalis

26. Vagina 1. anatomy 2. fornix 3. rugae 4. introitus 5. hymen 6. mucosa
a. glycogen
b. no glands

27. Vulva 1. mons pubis 2. labia majora 3. labia minora
4. clitoris (prepuce)
5. vestibule
a. urethral orifice
b. vaginal introitus
c. vestibular glands
6. bulb of the vestibule
Perineum
-urogenital triangle
-anal triangle

28. Mammary Glands 1. location 2. 15 - 20 lobes 3. ducts 4. nipple
5. areola
6. development
7. lactation

29. Female Reproductive Cycle
1. ovarian cycle
2. uterine (menstrual) cycle

30. anterior pituitary gland
Hormonal Regulation
hypothalamic Gn-RF
1. Gn-RF
2. FSH
3. LH
4. estrogen
5. progesterone
6. inhibin
7. relaxin
anterior pituitary gland
FSH LH
ovaries
follicle development
ovulation  corpus luteum
estrogen
relaxin
inhibin
progesterone
estrogen
relaxin -- relaxes pubic symphysis/cervical dilation
inhibin -- inhibits Gn-RF and FSH
progesterone -- stimulates secretory endometrium
prepares mammary glands for milk synthesis
estrogen -- primary sex characteristics (before birth)
secondary sex characteristics (at puberty)
enlargement of sex organs
female sexual behavior (with testosterone)
endometrial proliferation
increased proteins anabolism
aids in fluid and electrolyte balance

31. Control of Ovulation by Hormones of the Pituitary-Ovarian Axis

33. Estrogen (EST) secretion and its control
1. EST is secreted by follicular cells prior to ovulation and by the corpus luteum after ovulation.
2. Moderate levels of EST inhibit Gn-RF secretion and thus inhibit secretion of FSH and LH.
3. Low levels of EST allow Gn-RF secretion and prime the anterior pituitary gland to secrete FSH, which stimulates follicular development at the beginning of a new cycle.
4. High levels of EST allow Gn-RF secretion and prime the anterior pituitary gland to secrete LH, which stimulates ovulation and formation of the corpus luteum.

34. Female Cycle Phases
1. menses (days 1 - 5)
2. preovulatory
(days )
3. ovulation (day 14)
4. postovulatory
(days )
5. ischemic
(days 26-28)
Ovarian cycle: pink
Uterine cycle: green
ovulation |
< > < > < > < >
menses proliferative secretory ischemic
< > < >
preovulatory postovulatory
(follicular) (luteal)

35. Female Cycle Phase Descriptions
1. menses (days 1 - 5)
greatly diminished blood estrogen and progesterone levels; stratum functionalis dead and shedding; low estrogen stimulates Gn-RF + FSH
2. preovulatory(days )
new follicles developing and secreting estrogen; rising blood estrogen causes mitosis of stratum basalis and rebuilding of stratum functionalis
3. ovulation (day 14)
high estrogen stimulates Gn-RF + LH, thus stimulating ovulation; as a result corpus luteum is formed
4. postovulatory (days )
corpus luteum produces estrogen + progesterone; stratum functionalis becomes secretory:
1. retains water
2. uterine glands secrete glycogen
3. spiral arterioles rapidly develop
5. ischemic (days 26-28)
corpus luteum dying; blood estrogen and progesterone levels dropping; spiral arterioles vasoconstrict for 6 hours at a time; stratum functionalis begins to die

36. The Female Reproductive Cycle

37. Endometrial Changes through the Menstrual Cycle

38. Sexual Responses Male Female 1. excitement -- erection -- lubrication
2. orgasm -- emission
orgasm -- expulsion (both)
3. resolution
-- detumescence
-- refractory period
Female
1. excitement and plateau
-- vaginal transudate
-- lubrication from glands
-- orgasmic platform
-- tenting effect
2. orgasm
3. resolution
-- detumescence
parasympathetic/sympathetic

39. Stages of Male Sexual Response

40. Stages of Female Sexual Response