1. Reproductive System

2. Male Testis (sing.), Testes (pl.) is the male gonad Makes sperm cells Can make up to 300 million sperm per day Scrotum is the skin sac holding the testes outside of the body for a cooler temperature

5. Epididymis Comma-shaped tubular structure on the back side of the testes Allows maturation of sperm Stores sperm

7. Vas deferens Long tube that transports sperm from the epididymis, into the body cavity, to the urethra, during ejaculation

9. Urethra The urethra is a common structure for urinary and reproductive systems Transports sperm through the penis to the external orifice = opening

11. Penis The penis is the copulatory organ necessary for intercourse It surrounds the urethra and is made of erectile tissue

13. Semen The ejaculated substance is called semen Comprised of about 300 million sperm and fluids from 3 glands The fluids provide nourishment for the sperm, allow them to swim, and protect them from the acidic environment of the vagina.

14. Semen Seminal vesicles – paired glands near the origin of the urethra Prostate – a single gland with the urethra passing through its center Cowper’s (=bulbourethral) glands – paired tiny gland near the origin of the penis; also “rinse” the urethra just prior to ejaculation

16. Spermatogenesis Meiosis occurring in testes to make haploid sperm Occurs from puberty until death Several hundred million sperm can be made each day

17. Sperm Head of sperm has a nucleus with the 23 chromosomes Midpiece of sperm has numerous mitochondria Tail of sperm allows swimming Acrosome is a “cap” containing enzymes to break down layers surrounding egg

20. Male Hormones FSH = Follicle Stimulating Hormone is made by the pituitary gland and stimulates spermatogenesis LH = Luteinizing Hormone (=ICSH) is made by the pituitary gland and stimulates the testes to make testosterone

21. Male Hormones GnRH = Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone is made by the brain’s hypothalamus and stimulates the pituitary gland to make FSH and LH. It also signals puberty onset.

22. Male Hormones Testosterone is made by the testes and is needed for a functional male reproductive system; stimulates sex drive; causes secondary sex characteristics to develop.

25. Female Ovary is the gonad, located within the pelvic cavity Makes eggs, the haploid sex cells Ovary contains follicles which are the eggs, plus the surrounding cells & fluids

28. Follicle containing egg (oocyte)

29. Ovary From puberty until menopause, one egg is discharged from the ovary each month in a process called ovulation. Only the egg is ovulated, the remainder of the follicle stays behind in the ovary and becomes endocrine

31. Oviduct = Fallopian Tube Upon ovulation, the egg travels down the oviduct to the uterus. The oviduct is the site of fertilization. The oviduct is the structure that is tied closed during a sterilization surgery called tubal ligation

32. oviduct

33. Uterus ‘metr-’ is the root meaning uterus The uterus is the womb, the site of fetal development. This muscular organ is located in the pelvic cavity with a vascular lining called the endometrium. The endometrium is shed during menstruation.

35. Uterus The lower end of the uterus has a muscular opening called the cervix. The cervix is closed tightly during pregnancy, but dilates during childbirth. The cervix is the site of a Pap smear that looks for abnormal cancer cells

36. oviduct

37. Vagina The vagina is the birth canal that passes from the cervix to the external opening called the vulva. The vagina is muscular and glandular. The vagina has a slightly acidic pH to inhibit microorganism growth

38. Vulva External genitals Contains openings of urethra, vagina, and the erectile tissue called the clitoris.

40. Oogenesis Meiosis divisions in the ovary to result in the haploid egg, or oocyte. The process occurs before the female is born. Monthly ovulation from puberty until menopause is the discharge of an egg from the ovary Menopause occurs from the depletion of eggs.

44. Female Hormones FSH – this pituitary hormone causes the follicles to develop and mature. LH – this pituitary hormone causes ovulation. GnRH – this hypothalamus hormone causes the pituitary to make FSH and LH and brings about puberty.

45. Female Hormones Estrogen – This is made by the follicle cells of the ovary. It causes sex drive, secondary sex characteristics, and thickens the endometrium. Estrogen amounts rapidly decline upon menopause.

46. Female Hormones Progesterone – this hormone is made by the corpus luteum of the ovary. It results in a very thick endometrium, and is necessary throughout pregnancy.

47. Menstrual Cycle From puberty until menopause, the female goes through significant ovary and endometrium changes. The bleeding stage of the cycle is the shedding of the endometrium. Ovulation occurs about day 14 of the “classical” 28 day cycle.

54. Birth Control = Contraception Barriers are 85-95% effective, used correctly and typically with spermicidal cream Prevents egg and sperm contact Condom, Diaphragm, Cervical Cap, Vaginal Sponge

57. Contraception Withdrawal Method has a high failure rate. Rhythm Method involves knowing the time of ovulation and abstaining from sex during that time. Due to variation, this method is not reliable.

58. Contraception Sterilization is 100% effective. Surgical procedure Vasectomy in male Tubal ligation in female

61. Contraception Birth Control Pills are primarily a combination of estrogen and progesterone. They prevent ovulation.

64. Contraception Progesterone only, prevents ovulation Norplant implants under the skin last about 5 years Depo-Provera injections last about 3 months

66. Contraception The morning after pill is a high dose of estrogen that prevents fertilized egg from implanting into the uterus RU 486 is anti-progesterone and if used in early pregnancy, leads to termination in about 4 days

67. Sexually Transmitted Diseases Venereal Diseases AIDS

70. STDs Genital Herpes is causes by a virus that results in blisters on the genitals The outbreak can reoccur Complications include a higher risk of cervical cancer in females and infection of baby during childbirth

71. STDs Genital Warts Virus causes painless genital growths A major predisposing factor for cervical cancer New vaccine is available

72. STDs Gonorrhea is caused by bacteria and results in pus-like discharge from penis and vagina Painful urination Can be asymptomatic in females Can lead to PID (Pelvic Inflammatory Disease) and infertility in females Treated with antibiotics

73. Gonorrhea of eye

74. Chlamydia Common disease, caused by bacteria-like organism Most people are asymptomatic If symptoms are present they include mucus discharge from urethra, painful urination, PID Treatment with antibiotics

75. Syphilis Caused by bacteria

76. Syphilis Initially starts with genital sores

77. Syphilis If untreated, leads to a rash and swollen lymph nodes

78. Syphilis Next, leads to damage to brain, heart, pregnancies and can be fatal Treated with antibiotics