1. I36005 Soohyung Ahn Week 12 Designing Social Inquiry Democratic Peace Scholarship Proponents vs. Critics

2. Read Layne, Spiro, and Correspondence.  What are the major points of contentions (in terms of methodology) between these scholars? Who do you think has won the debate? Question

3. Democratic peace theory + proponents The element of democratic peace theory Critics on this theory Who won the debates? Contents

4. Democratic Peace Theory Democratic peace is the proposition that democracies do not fight each other. Immanuel Kant’ essay “Perpetual Peace.” A republican constitution is the most desirable circumstance for perpetual peace. The checks and balances and international law. Immanuel Kant

5. The elements of democratic peace theory -Structural element : democratic structures give citizens leverage over government decisions. Therefore, a democratic leader is less likely to initiate a war with another liberal democracy. -Normative element : shared democratic and liberal values explain the peace that exists between democratic states.

6. Michael Doyle Statistic -A computerized database on interstate wars. -In statistical analysis, he found no liberal nations fo ught wars with each other since 1816. (“the complete absence of wars” or “zero wars”)

7. Bruce Russett The causes of peace : the two elements. - democratic peace theory relies on two causal ex planations. 1) institutional constraints 2) democratic norms and culture

8. Critics on the theory David Spiro Immanuel Kant 1) Definition A statistical artifact in terms of its definition. - They selectively choose definitions of key variables so that data analysis yields the results they seek. - Democracy and War

9. 2) The data Zero is a insignificant result and is predicted by random chance. - Why? Although he used a computerized database, he did not perform any probability analyses to disclose why zero is statistically significant. - Example? Lotteries - Actually, the absence of war between liberal democracies is not a significant pattern for the past two centuries. - The number of wars between democracies is not statistically different from what random chance would predict. - Furthermore, both wars and democracies are rare over the past two centuries.

10. Critics on the theory Christopher Layne criticizes two elements of democratic people theory (institutional constraints / democratic norms and culture) it is just a matter of degree It is difficult to prove the cases why a non-event did not happen - The dog that did not bark agreement.

11. The main points of critics This theory use only the data which support their position and exclude evidence they cannot explain for their good. The theory is based on normative theory, which cannot be substantiated.

12. Who won the debates? On the surface, Layne and Spiro can be considered the winner in the argument. “the dog that did not bark argument” Therefore, Neither position is perfect