1. Reproduction

3. Male reproductive system

4. Reproduction- Male I  Prostate gland ~ male accessory sex gland
~ secretes alkali fluid ( part of semen) during ejaculation

5. Prostate gland

6. Reproduction - Male II  Testis ~ Male sex organs  sperms
 male sex hormone “Androgen”
~ Inside Scrotum
~  TEMP. favor sperm production & storage

7. Reproduction - Male III
 Seminiferous tubules
~ Long convoluted tubules that make up testis
~ Production of sperms

8. Reproduction- Male IV  Sertoli cell
~ Found inside wall of seminiferous tubules
~ Provides nutrients to the developing sperm
~ Secrete oestrogen
 Vas deferens
~ a duct joining epididymis & urethra

9. Reproduction- Male V  Cell of Leydig
~ Located between seminiferous tubules
~ Secrete testosterone
 Cowper’s gland
~ Secretion contributes to the seminal fluid

10. Reproduction-Male VI  Epididymis
~ Highly convoluted tube (~ 1 m long)
~ Connects testis to Vas deferens
~ Sperms are matured, concentrated & stored there

11. Reproduction- Male VIII
 Seminal vesicle
~ Male accessory sex gland
~ Open into Vas deferens before it joins the urethra
~ Secretes most of the liquid component of semen

12. Function of testis  Spermatogenesis  production of sperm
 continuous process throughout life
 takes ~ 70 days
 affected by the availability of protein & vitamins (B, E & A)
 sperms only produced at ~ 33o C

13. Function of testis  Production of testosterone
 testosterone ~ a kind of male sex hormone
 responsible by cells of Leydig (interstitial cells)

14. Sperm

15. SPERMS Head ~ nucleus (1N)
~ acrosome ( release lytic agent to dissolve egg membrane during fertilization)
Neck
Middle piece
~ densely packed with mitochondria
Tail ~ beats from side to side
End piece ~ no special function

16. Contraction of muscles in epididymis vas deferens seminal vesicle
Closing the valve between bladder & urethra
ejaculation

17. Male sex glands I  Prostate gland ~ surrounds the urethra
~ secretion: thin, milky liquid  part of seminal fluid
 Cowper’s glands
~ bulbo- urethral gland
~ paired bodies, lying in the connective tissue at the base of penis

18. Male sex glands II  Seminal vesicles ~ auxiliary genital glands
~ secrete & stores viscid component of seminal fluid
 Preputial glands
~ paired, located near the opening of penis
~ secretion: as lubricant during mating
 Coagulating gland & gland of vas deferens

19. Functions of male reproductive system
 Production of sperms
 Transfer sperms to female body
 Production of androgen
 Production of semen (semen fluid + sperms)

20. Testosterone  a kind of androgen  functions:
 regulate & maintain secondary sexual characteristics
 facial & pubic hair, breaking of voice, general muscular development
 control development of male accessory sex organs

21. Semen
 Semen + Fluid
 white, slightly alkali, viscous, heavier than water
 100 millions of sperms/ cm3
 functions:
 provide food to sperms
 act as buffer to protect sperms
 act as lubricant during copulation
 provides a water medium

22. Puberty in male
 The time when gonads become mature & start to function
 Secretion of FSH & LH
 Secondary characters appear(~ 14 years old)

23. Female reproductive system

25. Reproduction- Female I
 Ovary
~ paired, lie in lateral walls of pelvis
~ cortex + medulla

26. Reproduction- Female II
 Corpus luteum
~ secrete progesterone maintain thickness of endometrium of uterus
~ not pregnant no hormones secretion and disappear at day 26 of menstrual cyclecorpus albicantus

27. Reproduction-Female III
 Oviduct (Fallopian tube)
~ conveys eggs from the ovary to uterus
~ lined with ciliated epithelium
~ presence of peristaltic movement
~ Fertilization takes place in the fallopian tube only

28. Reproduction- Female IV
 Uterus
~hollow muscular organ
~3 layers:
Perimetrium (outermost layer)
 protection
Myometrium (bundles of smooth muslce
sensitive to oxytocin
Endometrium(innermost layer)

29. Uterus

30. Endometrium  richly supplied with blood vessels
 co-ordinated with the release of ovum from the ovary
 periodic changing thickness (menstrual cycle)

31. Functions of uterus Receives, nourishes & protect egg
Involved in menstrual cycle when the egg is not fertilized

32. Reproduction- Female V
 Vagina
~ muscular tube
~ serves as a common passage for the reception of sperm
~ as birth for the foetus

33. Reproduction- Female V
 Vulva
~ a collective term for external female reproductive structures
~ also known as genitals

34. Functions of female reproductive system
 Formation of ovum
 Secretion of female sex hormones:
 Oestrogen
 Pogesterone

35. Puberty in female initiated by the release of FSH & LH
 Follicle Stimulating Hormone
~ development of ovary + production of oestrogen
 Luteinising Hormone
~ ovulation + production of progesterone
FSH, LH + Progesterone  Menarche

36. Secondary sexual characteristics
pubic hair
development of breast
development of hip girdle
change in quality of voice

37. Menopause  at about 45 years old
 the time when the child-bearing period ends
 the functions of sex organs begin to fade

38. Copulation
 The act of insertion of penis into the vagina & release gametes
 Erection
Ejaculation

39. Erection Penis Erect STIMULATION Arteries in the penis dilate
Vein in the penis constrict
Penis Erect
 Blood pressure

40. Ejaculation Semen is forced out
Stimulation of sensory cells at penis tip
Reflex action
Semen is forced out

41. Fertilization  Approach secondary oocyte ~ within 5 minutes
~ by beating of sperms’ tails
~ by muscular contraction of uterine wall & oviduct

42. Fertilization  Capacitation
~ properties of the membrane covering acrosome change
 enable fertilization

43. Fertilization  Penetration of sperm ~ acrosomal content is liberated
to the secondary oocyte
~ plasma membrane thicken & prevent the entry of other sperms

45. Fertilization  Fusion of the pronuclei of gametes
~ sperm swells & fuses with ovum
 zygote form

46. Embryonic development in uterus
 Implantation
~ 7 days after fertilization
~ zygote embed into the endometrium of the uterus
 Placentation
~ chorion forms around foetus
~ finger- like projection grow from chorion develops into placenta
~ exchange of material between the two blood streams  no actual contact

47. Development of embryo and placenta

48. Functions of placenta Exchange material between foetus & mother
Protect the foetus
 high blood pressure
 harmful substances

49. Maintenance of pregnancy
Oestrogen & progesterone are secreted progressively
 inhibit uterus contraction
 growth of mammary glands
 avoid premature delivery of embryo

51. Oestrogen vs Progesterone
Prevent infection in uterus
 ATP & creatine phosphate formation
 sensitivity of myometrium to oxytocin
 uterine muscle cell size
Inhibit contraction of myometrium

52. Oestrogen & Progesterone
Growth of mammary glands
Inhibits FSH release
Inhibit prolactin release

53.  Parturition Human gestational period ~ 280 days (40 weeks)
From last menstrual period  birth of baby
 progesterone marks the start of parturition

54. Lactation
Babies are fed with breast milk from the mammary glands of mother
Breast milk is preferable to formula milk

55. Menstrual cycle
From puberty to menopause, endometrium performs cyclic variation
A matured ovum is produced every 28 days
The uterine wall become thicken
 prepare for accepting & nourishing the egg if fertilization takes place

57. Menstrual Cycle  Menstrual flow (day 1 - day 5)
 Follicular /proliferation phase
(day 5 - day 14)
 Ovulation
(day 14)
 Luteal secretory phase
(day 14- day28)

59. Menstrual Flow  Change of uterine wall
~ blood & layers of uterine endometrium are discharged  bleeding
 Change of ovary
~ a new follicle in the ovary starts to develop
 Change of hormone level
~  oestrogen &  progesterone   FSH
~ development of Graafian follicle

60. Follicular phase  Change of uterine wall
~  oestrogen  endometrium thickens
 Change of ovary
~ the follicle matures & produce oestrogen
 Change of hormone level
~ FSH stimulates growth of follicle
~ oestrogen inhibits FSH secretion
~ at day 14, oestrogen LH production

61. Ovulation I  Change of uterine wall
~ the uterus wall is the thickest for implantation
 Change of ovary
~ LH brings about ovulation
~ Graafian follicle change into corpus luteum
~ Corpus luteum secretes progesterone

62. Ovulation II  Change of hormone level ~  progesterone
 maintain uterine endometrium
 inhibit development of another follicle
 stimulate further development of mammary alveoli   breast milk

63. Luteal secretory phase I
 Change of uterine wall
~ uterine wall is the thickest for implantation
 Change of ovary
~ Corpus luteum secretes oestrogen & progesterone
~ Corpus luteum becomes inactive (corpus albicantus) if no fertilization until day 26

64. Luteal secretory phase II
 Change of hormone level
~ both progesterone & oestrogen maintain at certain level
~ if pregnant: corpus luteum continues to grow & secretes oestrogen & progesterone
 maintain thickness of endometrium

65.  Birth Control  Suppress the formation & release of gametes
 Prevent fertilization
 Prevent implantation
 Abortion

66. Contraception Male contraceptive pills Female contraceptive pills
Intra-uterine device
Condom
Diaphragm
Safety period
Spermicidal jellies
Withdrawal
Surgical sterilization
Morning after pill
Long acting progesterone injection
Abortion