1. What is the difference between sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction? Sexual Reproduction- Believe it or not- has nothing to do with the act of “sex”. When two gametes from different parents fuse to produce offspring. Many organisms can carry out both at some point in their life. Sponge expelling sperm into the water. This bee will take pollen (sperm cell) to flowers where it will enter the female part of the plant (pistil). Internal mammal fertilization.

2. Asexual Reproduction- Reproduction that only involves one parent. Without the fusion of gametes What was the name of bacteria asexual reproduction? Binary fission Some plants produce spores on their own and then these are dispersed to produce new plants Starfish can asexually reproduce through fragmentation. A fragment lost from one starfish can develop into a mature fully grown individual.

3. The Reproductive System You may feel the urge to giggle…..you may feel uncomfortable, or embarrassed, but that is not the intent of this lesson. We are learning about the anatomy and function of the human body- which includes the reproductive system. TRY YOUR BEST to stay mature. WARNING: If a vulgar or disrespectful comment pops into your brain, keep it there.

4. Extension of Endocrine System What are the hormones included in the reproductive system? TestosteroneEstrogen / Progesterone

5. MALES TESTOSTERONE: In what gland is most of a male’s testosterone produced? Male sex hormone Steroid Essential for the production of sperm Builds muscle, elevates mood, increases energy Testes: 2 glands located in the scrotum Sperm is produced here When puberty begins, millions of sperm are produced a day 98.6 is too hot for sperm

6. MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

7. Section 38.1 Summary – pages 995-1004 Puberty refers to the time when secondary sex characteristics begin to develop so that sexual maturity—the potential for sexual reproduction—is reached. Secondary sex characteristics (traits that distinguish the two sexes but are not directly part of the reproductive system) MALE PUBERTY Growth Deeper Voice Body Hair Sweat and B.O.Pimples

8. The changes associated with puberty are controlled by sex hormones secreted by the endocrine system. MALE PUBERTY The Hypothalamus and Pituitary glands create activators that trigger testosterone production and sperm and semen production.

9. FEMALES ESTROGEN: In what gland is most of a female’s sex hormones produced? PROGESTERONE: Female Sex Hormone, steroid Released throughout a women’s reproductive years (Puberty – Menopause) Responsible for releasing eggs Female Sex Hormone, steroid Maintains the lining of the uterus in preparation for a fertilized egg Ovaries: 2 glands on either side of the uterus Size and shape of an almond Eggs are produced here 400,000 potential eggs are formed before birth in each

10. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Vagina Fallopian Tubes Uterus

12. Secondary sex characteristics (traits that distinguish the two sexes but are not directly part of the reproductive system) FEMALE PUBERTY Growth Breasts Body Hair Sweat and B.O.

13. Section 38.1 Summary – pages 995-1004 As in males, puberty in females begins when the hypothalamus signals the pituitary to produce and release the activator hormones FSH and LH. In females, FSH stimulates the cells around an egg cell and begins the release of estrogen. FEMALE PUBERTY LH triggers progesterone production and ovulation. The process of the egg rupturing through the ovary wall is called ovulation.

14. A total of about 400 eggs are ovulated during the reproductive life of a female. As ovulation occurs the uterus prepares for receiving it by thickening its walls. If the egg released at ovulation is not fertilized, the lining of the uterus is shed, causing some bleeding for a few days- this is all known as the menstrual cycle.

15. The menstrual cycle begins during puberty and continues for 30 to 40 years, until menopause. At menopause, the female stops releasing eggs and the secretion of female hormones decreases.

16. If the egg released at ovulation is fertilized, the zygote travels through the Fallopian tube while dividing, and attaches itself to the uterine wall. Click image to view movie.

17. Section 25.1 Summary – pages 673 - 679 Fertilization First cell division Additional cell divisions Cell Differentiation in Animal Development Formation of a blastula Gastrulation Formation of mesoderm Sperm cells Egg cell Endoderm Mesoderm Ectoderm

18. Click image to view movie. Embryo Development

19. Section 1 Check Question 1 Hypothesize why there are a number of mitochondria in the mid-piece of a sperm.

20. A sperm must travel quite a distance to reach the egg. Mitochondria provide the energy needed for locomotion. Answer

21. Question 2 What is the effect of FSH on males during puberty? A. It initiates sperm production B. It causes the various glands to secrete fluids into the semen C. It stimulates the production of testosterone D. It causes sperm to mature Answer: A

22. Question 3 The release of an egg from the ovary would not occur if which of the following hormones were missing? A. Estrogen B. Progesterone C. FSH D. LH Answer: D

23. Question 4 Ovaries are to eggs as testes are to __________. A. epididymis B. zygotes C. embryos D. sperm Answer: D

24. Question 5 Explain what happens if the egg is not fertilized in the Fallopian Tube. The unfertilized egg would continue into the uterus, where the lining has thickened. Then the egg and extra lining will be shed and the female will experience menstruation. Answer: