1. Reproduction Topic 6 Standard Level

2. STARTER: How much do you remember from IGCSE?

3. Learning Ojectives Draw and label diagrams of the adult male and female reproductive systems. Outline the role of hormones in the menstrual cycle, including FSH (follicle stimulating hormone), LH (luteinizing hormone), estrogen and progesterone. Annotate a graph showing hormone levels in the menstrual cycle, illustrating the relationship between changes in hormone levels and ovulation, menstruation and thickening of the endometrium. List three roles of testosterone in males

13. Hormones Four main hormones involved in controlling menstruation NameMade…Function FSHPituitaryStimulates one egg cell to develop (become follicle) OestrogenFollicle (ovary)Stimulates rebuilding of the uterus wall LHPituitaryStimulates follicle to burst and release the ovum ProgesteroneCorpus Luteum (ovary)Completes development of uterus wall, promotes glycogen storage

14. The Menstrual Cycle During the first week of the cycle the pituitary gland is stimulated It releases follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) Annotate your Menstrual cycle handout as we move through the next few slides

15. FSH stimulates a potential egg cell in the ovary The cells around the ovum also develop. This is called a follicle. Follicle cells secrete oestrogen. Oestrogen stimulates rebuilding of uterus wall. An oocyte (pre-ovum) surrounded by follicle cells

16. False colour SEM of human uterus wall, approximately 13 days into cycle. Green cells are secretory, and orange cells are ciliated

18. Initial concentrations of oestrogen are low. The low concentration has a negative feedback effect on the secretion of FSH.

19. Negative feedback lowers FSH concentration As follicle grows is produces larger concentrations of oestrogen. At a certain threshold, its effect reverses. It now has a positive feedback effect on secretion of FSH from pituitary. Also stimulates pituitary gland to release luteinising hormone (LH)

21. Positive feedback from increasing oestrogen concentration causes increase in FSH and LH from pituitary gland. Follicle gets bigger – releases more oestrogen

22. Peak of LH causes follicle to burst and release ovum This is ovulation (on day 14 of the cycle) Follicle reforms to become structure called corpus luteum (‘yellow body’) LH stimulates corpus luteum to produce progesterone.

23. Peak of LH causes ovulation (day 14) Oestrogen falls because follicle is gone, but corpus luteum still produces some. Ovulation – ovum released from follicle. Follicle become corpus luteum

24. Progesterone completes uterus wall. Increases blood supply and promotes glycogen storage. Rising concentrations of progesterone and oestrogen have negative feedback effect on FSH and LH. This prevents new follicles forming.

25. Fall in FSH and LH due to negative feedback with oestrogen and progesterone Progesterone produced by corpus luteum. Inhibits FSH and LH Corpus luteum – produces progesterone. Uterus wall fully completed.

26. Fertilisation must occur within 2 days of ovulation. Embryo takes 3 days to reach the uterus and implant. If no embryo implants within a week the corpus luteum starts to break down. Progesterone and oestrogen concentrations fall. Uterus wall begins to break down. FSH no longer inhibited, so begins to rise. Cycle begins again

27. FSH and LH totally inhibited Breakdown of corpus luteum causes fall in progesterone and oestrogen Corpus luteum begins to break down if no embryo has implanted a week after ovulation

28. FSH begins to rise since it’s not inhibited by oestrogen and progesterone Low levels of progesterone and oestrogen because there is no follicle or corpus luteum Uterus wall breaks down due to low levels of oestrogen and progesterone New egg cell stimulated by rising FSH levels

30. Menstrual cycle summary Stick the statement into the correct column! DAY 1-4 FOLLICULAR PHASE DAY 5-14 OVULATORY PHASE DAY 14-28 LUTEAL PHASE

32. STARTER: GROUP ACTIVITY: Calculate a) the magnification of the sperm b) The maximum diameter of the main body of the ovum

33. GROUP ACTIVITY: Calculate a) the magnification of the sperm b) the maximum diameter of the main body of the ovum a) magnification measured length scale bar label 41mm= 41000 µm 45µm =X 911 b) diameter of ovum measured length magnification 70mm X 911 =0.0768 mm =76.83µm

34. Learning Ojectives Outline the process of in vitro fertilization (IVF). Discuss the ethical issues associated with IVF.

35. CLASS ACTIVITY: Can you narrate each phase of the menstrual cycle with reference to specific hormones?

36. STARTER: Complete this flow chart in your workbooks!

38. TIMED INDIVIDUAL ACTIVITY: