1. Human Reproductive system

2. INTRODUCTION
The reproductive system is a system of organs within an organism which work together for the purpose of reproduction. Many non-living substances such as fluids, hormones, and pheromones are also important accessories to the reproductive system.Human reproduction takes place as internal fertilization by sexual intercourse. During this process, the erect penis of the male is inserted into the female's vagina until the male ejaculates semen, which contains sperm, into the female's vagina. The sperm then travels through the vagina and cervix into the uterus or fallopian tubes for fertilization of the ovum. Upon successful fertilization and implantation, gestation of the foetus then occurs within the female's uterus for approximately nine months, this process is known as pregnancy in humans. Gestation ends with birth, the process of birth is known as labor. Labor consists of the muscles of the uterus contracting, the cervix dilating, and the baby passing out the vagina. Human's babies and children are nearly helpless and require high levels of parental care for many years. One important type of parental care is the use of the mammary glands in the female breasts to nurse the baby.

3. MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
The male reproductive system is a series of organs located outside of the body and around the pelvic region of a male that contribute towards the reproductive process. The primary direct function of the male reproductive system is to provide the male gamete or spermatozoa for fertilization of the ovum.

4. MALE REPRODUCTION CONT

5. MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM: FUNCTIONS OF DIFFERENT PARTS
THE TESTES
Contains many coiled seminiferous tubules in which the male gametes (sperm) are formed.
Produce male hormones for the development of secondary male characteristics.
THE SCROTUM
Accommodates the testes outside the body.
Ensures that temperature is favourable for production of sperms.
THE EPIDIDYMIS
Store sperm temporarily
Provide a place where the can undergo final maturation.

6. MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM CONT.
THE EJACULATORY DUCT
Has a muscular wall to squirt semen through the urethra
THE VAS DEFERENCE
Carries sperms from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct.
THE SEMINAL VESICLES
Provide a source of nourishment for the sperm cells.
Provide a fluid medium in which the sperm are able to move.

7. MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM CONT.
THE PROSTATE GLAND
Secretes a fluid which stimulates the movement of the mature sperm cells.
Add alkalinity to semen.
THE GLANDS OF COWPER (BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS)
Secrete a fluid that stimulates the sperms to greater motility.
THE PENIS
Transfers the sperm from the male genital system to vagina.

8. MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM CONT.
THE CELLS OF SERTOLI
Assist with providing nutrition for spermatozoa
THE INTERSTITIAL CELLS (CELLS OF LEYDIG)
Produce male sex hormone, testosterone, which controls development of secondary male sexual characteristics.

9. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
The female reproductive system is a series of organs primarily located inside of the body and around the pelvic region of a female that contribute towards the reproductive process. The human female reproductive system contains three main parts: the vagina, which acts as the receptacle for the male's sperm, the uterus, which holds the developing feotus, and the ovaries, which produce the female's ova.

10. Female reproductive system cont.

11. THE FEMALE SYSTEM CONSISTS OF THE FOLLOWING PARTS:
OVARIES
There are two ovaries and they produce ova. The ovaries are suspended in the abdominal cavity. Each ovary is held in place by two ligaments, one extends from the ovary to the abdominal wall while the other reaches from the ovary to the outside of the uterus. Each ovary is made up of a covering of germinal epithelium with a large number of follicles within it. The follicles secrete the female sex hormones.
FALLOPIAN TUBE
Leading away from the ovaries are the oviducts, also called the fallopian tubes. They do not connect directly to the ovaries, but have a funnel – shaped opening just a short distance away called the fimbriae. The fallopian tubes transfer an ovum from the ovary to the uterus. The lining of each tube is ciliated to create a current that moves the ovum towards the uterus. The sperm fertilizes the ovum as it travels down the fallopian tube.

12. Parts of reproductive system cont.
UTERUS
The fallopian tubes lead to the uterus or womb. The uterus has very thick walls, made of muscle. The layers are, from the outside, the perimetrium, myometrium and the endometrium. The uterus is about the size of a clenched fist, and is able to stretch a great deal to accommodate the developing foetus.
CERVIX
At the base of the uterus is a narrow opening, guarded by muscles. This is referred to as the neck or the cervix. The cervix leads to the vagina.

13. Female parts cont. VAGINA
The vagina acts as an entrance for the sperm and an exile for the foetus during child – birth. The external opening is called the vulva. The opening from the bladder, called the urethra, runs in front of the vagina, while the rectum is just behind it. The three tubes open out separately to the outside.

14. OVULATION, OVARIAN OR MENSTRUAL CYCLE
Ovulation occurs when a ripe egg/ovum is released by the ovary.
MESRUAL CYCLE
The menstrual cycle is a complex series of events occurring each month in a woman’s reproductive system. It lasts for about 28 days and is co-ordinated by the sex hormones; oestrogen and progesterone and two other hormones made by the pituitary gland.
D Sekhukhune 15 & 19 September 2011

15. Diagram of female menstrual cycle
D Sekhukhune 15 & 19 September 2011

16. MENSTRUAL CYCLE CONT. TWO IMPORTANT EVENTS OCCUR WHEN:
One ovum develops inside the ovary, and is released.
The thickening of the uterine wall which prepares for the implantation of the developing embryo
The pituitary gland secretes FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) and LH(Luteinising hormone). FSH stimulates the ovary to secrete oestrogen and LH stimulates the ovary to secrete progesterone.
D Sekhukhune 15 & 19 September 2011

17. MENSRUAL CYCLE CONT. LET US NOW LOOK AT WHAT OCCURS IN THE OVARY:
The germinal epithelium produces a primary follicle which develops into a Graafiaan follicle or ovarian follicle. In the Graafiaan follicle an ovum develops.
FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) is secreted by the Pituitary Gland and this stimulates the ovary to secrete oestrogen. The hormone oestrogen prepares the lining of the uterus for the attachment of the embryo. The endometrium becomes thicker and its blood supply increases. When the Graafiaan follicle is matured it ruptures and releases the egg. This is known as ovulation. The released egg is captured by the fimbriae and moves along the fallopian tube.
D Sekhukhune 15 & 19 September 2011

18. MENSTRUAL CYCLE CONT.
Oestrogen causes ovulation and repair of the uterus lining after menstruation. The concentration is high at days 12 to Progesterone maintains the thickness of the uterus and prevents development of a new follicle in the ovary.
D Sekhukhune 15 & 19 September 2011

19. MENSRUAL CYCLE CONT.
Ovulation usually occurs in the middle of a cycle, if the cycle is 28 days, then ovulation is on day 14.LH (Luteinising hormone) which is secreted by the pituitary gland and stimulates the ovary to secrete progesterone changes the ruptured follicle into a corpus luteum. Progesterone prepares the uterine wall for implantation of the embryo. If the ovum is not fertilised, the corpus luteum gradually becomes smaller and stops producing progesterone. This then allows menstruation to start and a new follicle develops.
D Sekhukhune 15 & 19 September 2011

20. FERTILIZATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF FOETUS
Fertilization occurs in the upper portion of the fallopian tube. Many sperms are deposited into the vagina, using their tails swim up through the cervix through the uterus and into the fallopian tube. Only one sperm enters the egg. Only the head of the sperm goes in, the tail is left outside. The nucleus of the sperm (n) fuses with the nucleus of the egg (n) is forming a zygote (2n). This is called fertilization. As soon as the successful sperm enters the egg, the egg membrane becomes impenetrable, so that no other sperm can get in. The unsuccessful sperm will all die.
D Sekhukhune 15 & 19 September 2011

21. THE PROCESS OF FERTILISATION

22. DEVELOPING FOETUS IN EMBRYO
Once the female is pregnant, the pregnant mother needs to make regular monthly visits to the clinic or gynaecologist. The length of the time between fertilization and birth is called the gestation period. A few weeks before birth the foetus usually turns over in the uterus, so that it is lying head downwards. The process of birth is known as parturition. Birth begins when the muscular layer in the wall of the uterus contracts. This is called labour.
D Sekhukhune 15 & 19 September 2011

23. DEVELOPING FOETUS CONT.
D Sekhukhune 15 & 19 September 2011

24. DEVELOPING FOETUS CONT.
There are three stages in labour:
FIRST STAGE:
This stage covers the time from the onset of labour until the cervix is completely dilated. This is the longest stage, lasting about – 12 hours for the first baby and 6 – hours for the second baby. After several hours the cervix is wide enough for the head of the baby to pass through.
SECOND STAGE:
The cervix is now completely dilated and lasts until the baby is delivered. This stage lasts about 30 minutes to 2 hours.
THIRD STAGE:
This stage begins after birth of the baby and ends after the delivery of the placenta or after birth. The duration of this stage is about 5 – 20 minutes.
D Sekhukhune 15 & 19 September 2011

25. Developing foetus cont.
Two types of deliveries
Normal delivery
Is a natural birth.
D Sekhukhune 15 & 19 September 2011

26. Birth control(contraception) and termination of pregnancy
Contraception or birth control is when couples want to remove the possibility of conception. It is achieved by preventing the egg and sperms from meeting or by preventing implantation.
D Sekhukhune 15 & 19 September 2011

27. DIFFERENT METHOD OF Contraception
Contraceptive pill – Contains hormones which prevent ovulation.
D Sekhukhune 15 & 19 September 2011

28. Contraception method cont.
Cap (diaphragm) – blocks path of sperm at cervix.
Coil (intra uterine device) – fitted in uterus prevents implantation
D Sekhukhune 15 & 19 September 2011

29. Contraception method cont.
Condom- rubber sleeve, retains semen
D Sekhukhune 15 & 19 September 2011

30. Contraception method cont.
Withdrawal- penis withdrawn from the vagina before ejaculation
Rhythm Method- avoidance of sexual intercourse around the of ovulation
D Sekhukhune 15 & 19 September 2011

31. Contraception method cont.
Sterilisation - male: sperm ducts surgically cut (vasectomy)
D Sekhukhune 15 & 19 September 2011

32. Contraception method cont.
Female: female oviducts surgically cut.
D Sekhukhune 15 & 19 September 2011

33. conclution
Human Reproductive system helps to increases learners knowledge about life because it is based more in natural things that are currently happening in the world. Majority of parents are afraid to face their children to talk with them about the dangerous of sexual intercourse at young stage. Knowing about Reproductive system for learners will help to decrease the rate of teenage pregnancy in all schools. Learners will know how to prevent themselves and the consequences of being in a sexual relationship at young stage. The government should hire more counsellors to go all around the world in different schools to teach all learners about sexual education.
D Sekhukhune 15 & 19 September 2011