1. BREAST CANCER Presented by:- Nikita David Manali Deshmukh
Mrunal Ambade
Mukesh Saroj
CRM Prist 4

2. Contents Introduction Breast Anatomy Breast cancer - types and causes
Statistics
Risk factors
Signs and Symptoms
Staging
Diagnosis
Treatment Options
Prevention

3. Cancer
Cancer is uncontrolled division of cells because of abnormal changes and mutation leading to formation of tumors.
Types of tumor
Benign Malignant
Common types:
Bladder Cancer
 Melanoma
Breast Cancer
   
Colorectal Cancer
    
 Oral cancer 
Prostate Cancer 
Skin Cancer
Leukemia
Lung Cancer

4. Introduction It is the most common form of cancer
Second leading cause of death among women after lung cancer
1 out of 10 women are diagnosed with breast cancer every year
86% of women with breast cancer are alive 5 years after diagnosis
70% of breast cancer cases occur in women with no identifiable risk factors
Incidence of male breast cancer is 1 in 100

5. Anatomy of Breast A Ducts B Lobules C Dilated section of duct
to hold milk
D Nipple
E Fat
F Pectoralis major muscle
G Chest wall/rib cage

6. Breast cancer - types
Breast cancer may originate from either the glands or the ducts of the breast
Ducts – ductal carcinoma
Glands – lobular carcinoma
Cancer that has not crossed the involved lobule – in situ carcinoma
Cancer extends beyond its surrounding – infiltrating, invasive cancer
More than one member of the family – familial carcinoma

7. Cancer and its causes Gender – women at a higher risk
Age – highest risk at years
Race – white women at a higher risk
Personal history of cancer
Genetic causes
Hormonal causes
Environmental causes

8. Statistics

9. Cancer Incidence Rates* Among Women, US, 1975-2005
Breast cancer
Colorectal cancer
Lung and bronchus cancer

10. Risk Factors
Family History
Personal History
Lifestyle

11. Additional risk factors
Women who start menstruation at a young age (before 12 years)
If a woman has children at the age of 30 or older or in women who do not have children
If a woman menopauses at 55 or older
If one takes Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)
A higher risk is associated with women having higher estrogen levels
Birth control pills
Obesity

12. Signs and Symptoms
Lump in the breast or underarm that persists after menstrual cycle
Swelling in the armpit
Flattening or indentation
Pain or tenderness
Change in size, contour, texture and temperature
Itching, burning sensation or ulceration
Unusual discharge
Marble like area under the skin surface

13. Diagnosis Self examine - Examined by self Mammogram
- specks of calcium
Ultrasound
- Shows lump
MRI
- detailed pictures
Biopsy :
Fine-needle aspiration
Core Biopsy
Skin Biopsy
Surgical Biopsy :
- Thin needle to remove cell or fluid from breast lump
- Wide needle to remove a sample of breast tissue
- A small sample of skin of breast is taken
- A part of the lump or abnormal area is taken
Incisional biopsy
Excisional biopsy
- Entire lump or abnormal area is taken
Lab tests :
I.Hormone receptor tests
II.HER2/neu test
- To detect of Estrogen & Progesterone
- To detect HER2/neu protein

14. Stages Stage 0 Not invasive Stage I
Early stage of invasive breast cancer
Stage II
- Spread to lymph nodes under the arm (< 2 cm)
Ductal carcinoma
- Not spread to the lymph nodes under the arm (b/w 2 & 5 cm)
- Spread to the lymph nodes under the arm (b/w 2 & 5 cm)
- Spread to the lymph nodes the underarm (> 5 cm)
Stage III
- Locally advanced

15. Stages Stage IIIA - Spread to underarm lymph nodes
- Attached to each other or other structures (< 5 cm)
- Either alone or attached to each other or other structures (> 5 cm)
Stage IIIB
- Any size, grow into chest wall or skin of breast
- Tumor may have spread to :
◊ Lymph nodes under the arm
◊ Underarm Lymph nodes attached to each
other or other structures
◊ Inflammatory breast caner
Stage IIIC
- Spread to above or below the collarbone
Stage IV
- Spread to other parts of the body
Cancer cells spreading outside the duct

16. Non invasive
Early stage breast cancer

17. Treatment Therapies for Breast Cancer Breast-sparing surgery
Local Therapy
Systemic Therapy
Chemotherapy
hormone therapy
biological therapy
Surgery
Radiation
External radiation
Internal radiation (implant radiation)
Breast-sparing surgery
Mastectomy

18. Local Therapy
Surgery - It is the most common treatment for Breast Cancer
Breast-sparing surgery:
An operation to remove the cancer but not the breast
It is also called breast-conserving surgery, lumpectomy, segmental mastectomy, and partial mastectomy
The underarm lymph nodes is removed – this procedure is called an axillary lymph node dissection
Radiation treatment destroys cancer cells that may remain in the breast
Mastectomy:
An operation to remove the breast is a mastectomy
removes the underarm lymph nodes
Studies have found equal survival rates for breast-sparing surgery (with radiation therapy) and mastectomy for Stage I and Stage II breast cancer

19. Radiation Therapy –
Radiation therapy uses high-energy rays to kill cancer cells. Some women receive radiation therapy after a mastectomy. Radiation destroys breast cancer cells that may remain in the area
External radiation: The radiation comes from a large machine outside the body. Treatments are usually 5 days a week for several weeks
Internal radiation (implant radiation): Thin plastic tubes (implants) that hold a radioactive substance are put directly in the breast. The implants stay in place for several days. The implant is removed before discharge

20. Systemic Therapy
Chemotherapy - Chemotherapy utilizes chemicals that interfere with the cell division process - damaging proteins or DNA - so that cancer cells will commit suicide
Hormone therapy - Hormone therapy keeps cancer cells from getting or using the natural hormones they need. These hormones are estrogen and progesterone
Biological therapy - Biological therapy helps the immune system fight cancer. Women with breast cancer receive a biological therapy called Herceptin. It is a monoclonal antibody

21. complementary and alternative medicine
Many more patients use CAM in addition to conventional treatment, and many use CAM primarily to treat symptoms or side effects or to maintain general health and well-being
Patients are rationally concerned about the effect of any such measures on their prospects for survival and disease-free survival
Although CAM practitioners may distinguish healing from curing, most patients with cancer want a cure
Many women say that CAM helps them feel better. However, some types of CAM may change the way standard treatment works

22. Prevention Tamoxifen for high risk women For consideration:
Early childbearing
Prolonged lactation
Weight reduction
Regular exercise, especially during adolescence

23. LATEST NEWS Multivitamin pills lead to breast cancer
(Published on 8th April 2010, Times of India)
Simple blood test can now help detect breast cancer
(Published on 5th April 2010, Times of India)
Chemicals in food can trigger early puberty in girls increasing risk of breast cancer
(Published on 8nd April 2010, Reuters)
Younger women with mutation at high risk of breast cancer
(Published on April 6th 2010, Reuters)

24. References

26. NATIONAL BREAST CANCER MONTH IS OCTOBER