1. STATISTICS & HYPOTHESIS TESTING

2. Introduction Brand and TypeCost (per serving)Sodium content (mg) Amy's Black Bean3.03780 Patio Cheese1.071570 Banquet Cheese1.281500 El Charrito Beef1.531370 Patio Beef1.051700 Banquet Beef1.271330 Healthy Choice Chicken2.34440 Lean Cuisine Chicken2.47520 Weight Watchers Chicken2.09660

3. Introduction of Descriptive Statistics  Descriptive statistics provides description to the data set by summarizing the data.  Descriptive statistics normally provide description of data both in numerical and graphical terms.  Mean, Median, Mode, Range, SD (Standard Deviation), and variance are included in common descriptive statistics.

4. Descriptive Statistics  Mean Cost = $1.792  Mean Sodium= 1096.6  Median Cost= $1.53  Median Sodium= 1330  Range Cost= $1.98  Range Sodium= 1,260

5. Inferential Statistics

6.  Explanation of how the inferential statistical analysis would help the understanding the nature of data

7. Null Hypothesis Testing  The null hypothesis, designated as H0, is the hypothesis generally the sample observations gets purely based on chance.  H0, the null hypothesis, is crucial aspectpart of the research design and is always tested even it’s indirect.  Ex: The Mean value for enchiladas in the given pack of the brand equals to -3.

8. Identification of the null hypothesis (H0) and the alternate hypothesis (HA). The value must be small, generally lower than 10%. It is vital for considering the consequences of both errors types. Choose the test statistic and find out its value from the given sample data. Comparing the observed value with that of critical value obtained for the chosen sample Decision is made. Null Hypothesis Testing

9. Future Implications of the research Difference between Descriptive Statistics & Inferential Statistics  Descriptive statistics provides description to the data of the study.  Inferential statistics are gives what the pattern is and gives a clear picture through probability.Summary  Descriptive statistics summarizes the data while inferential statistics is used to establish the relation and compare between the variables with wide range of conditions.  (Web Center for Social Research Methods, 2006).

10. Future Implications of the research Contd. Follow-up Studies (Descriptive Statistics)  What is the hypertension rate among low-income populations due to higher sodium levels in low-cost foods? (Inferential Statistics)  What other factors contribute towards hypertension in low-income populations other than high sodium levels in low-cost food?

11. Future Implications of the research Contd. Null Hypothesis In general, hypertension is more prevalent in the low-income individuals.

12. Conclusion  As per the data obtained from Consumer Reports (March,2000), lower the cost of pre-packaged enchiladas, higher the sodium level.

13. References  National Atlas of the United States. (2011). Understanding Statistics. Retrieved from http://www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/mapping/a_statistics.html  Statistical Inference. (2011). Retrieved from http:// www.businessdictionary.com  Web Center for Social Research Methods. (2006).Foundations. Retrieved from http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/index.php