1. PART 1
Blood Vessels

2. Structure of Blood Vessels
Composed of three layers (tunics)
Tunica intima – composed of simple squamous epithelium
Tunica media – sheets of smooth muscle
Contraction – vasoconstriction
Relaxation – vasodilation
Tunica externa – composed of connective tissue
Lumen
Central blood-filled space of a vessel
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3. Structure of Arteries, Veins, and Capillaries
Figure 19.1a
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4. Arteries – carry blood away from the heart
Types of Blood Vessels
Arteries – carry blood away from the heart
Capillaries – smallest blood vessels
The site of exchange of molecules between blood and tissue fluid
Veins – carry blood toward the heart
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5. Elastic arteries – the largest arteries
Types of Arteries
Elastic arteries – the largest arteries
Diameters range from 2.5 cm to 1 cm
Includes the aorta and its major branches
Sometimes called conducting arteries
High elastin content dampens surge of blood pressure
Figure 19.2a
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6. Muscular (distributing) arteries
Types of Arteries
Muscular (distributing) arteries
Lie distal to elastic arteries
Diameters range from 1 cm to 0.3 mm
Includes most named arteries
Tunica media is thick
Unique features
Internal and external elastic laminae
Figure 19.2b
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7. Types of Arteries Arterioles Smallest arteries
Diameters range from 0.3 mm to 10 µm
Larger arterioles possess all three tunics
Diameter of arterioles controlled by
Local factors in the tissues
Sympathetic nervous system
Figure 19.2c
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8. Smallest blood vessels
Capillaries
Smallest blood vessels
Diameter from 8–10 µm
Red blood cells pass through single file
Site-specific functions of capillaries
Lungs – oxygen enters blood, carbon dioxide leaves
Small intestines – receive digested nutrients
Endocrine glands – pick up hormones
Kidneys – removal of nitrogenous wastes
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9. RBCs in a Capillary Figure 19.3
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10. Network of capillaries running through tissues Precapillary sphincters
Capillary Beds
Network of capillaries running through tissues
Precapillary sphincters
Regulate the flow of blood to tissues
Tendons and ligaments – poorly vascularized
Epithelia and cartilage – avascular
Receive nutrients from nearby CT
PLAY
Anatomy Review: Blood Vessel Structure and Function
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11. Capillary Beds Figure 19.4a
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12. Capillary Beds Figure 19.4b
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13. Capillary Permeabillity
Endothelial cells – held together by tight junctions and desmosomes
Intercellular clefts – gaps of unjoined membrane
Small molecules can enter and exit
Two types of capillary
Continuous – most common
Fenestrated – have pores
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14. Structure of Capillaries – Cross Section
Figure 19.5a
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15. Structure of Capillaries – Cross Section
Figure 19.5b
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16. Routes of Capillary Permeability
Four routes into and out of capillaries
Direct diffusion
Through intercellular clefts
Through cytoplasmic vesicles
Through fenestrations
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17. Low Permeability Capillaries
Blood-brain barrier
Capillaries have complete tight junctions
No intercellular clefts are present
Vital molecules pass through
Highly selective transport mechanisms
Not a barrier against
Oxygen, carbon dioxide, and some anesthetics
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18. Wide, leaky capillaries found in some organs
Sinusoids
Wide, leaky capillaries found in some organs
Usually fenestrated
Intercellular clefts are wide open
Occur in bone marrow and spleen
Sinusoids have a large diameter and twisted course
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19. Sinusoids
Figure 19.5c
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20. Conduct blood from capillaries toward the heart
Veins
Conduct blood from capillaries toward the heart
Blood pressure is much lower than in arteries
Smallest veins – called venules
Diameters from 8 – 100 µm
Smallest venules – called postcapillary venules
Venules join to form veins
Tunica externa is the thickest tunic in veins
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21. Mechanisms to Counteract Low Venous Pressure
Valves in some veins
Particularly in limbs
Skeletal muscle pump
Muscles press against thin-walled veins
Figure 19.6
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22. Vessels interconnect to form vascular anastomoses
Organs receive blood from more than one arterial source
Neighboring arteries form arterial anastomoses
Provide collateral channels
Veins anastomose more frequently than arteries
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23. Tunica externa of large vessels have Vasa vasorum vessels of vessels
Tiny arteries, capillaries, and veins
Vasa vasorum vessels of vessels
Nourish outer region of large vessels
Inner half of large vessels receive nutrients from luminal blood
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24. Pulmonary Circulation
Pulmonary trunk leaves the right ventricle
Divides into right and left pulmonary arteries
Superior and inferior pulmonary veins
Carry oxygenated blood into the left atrium
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25. Pulmonary Circulation
Figure 19.7
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26. Systemic Circulation Systemic Arteries
Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart
Aorta – largest artery in the body
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27. Major Arteries Figure 19.8a
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28. Ascending aorta – arises from the left ventricle
The Aorta
Ascending aorta – arises from the left ventricle
Branches – coronary arteries
Aortic arch – lies posterior to the manubrium
Branches
Brachiocephalic trunk
Left common carotid
Left subclavian arteries
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29. The Aorta
Figure 19.9
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30. Descending aorta – continues from the aortic arch
The Aorta
Descending aorta – continues from the aortic arch
Thoracic aorta – in the region of T5–T12
Abdominal aorta – ends at L4
Divides into right and left common iliac arteries
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31. PART 2
Blood Vessels

32. Arteries of the Head and Neck
Figure 19.10a
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33. Major Arteries Serving the Brain
Cerebral arterial circle
Figure 19.10c
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34. Arteries of the Upper Limb and Thorax
Figure 19.11
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35. Arteries of the Abdominal Aorta
Inferior phrenic arteries
Celiac trunk
Superior mesenteric artery
Suprarenal arteries
Renal arteries
Gonadal (testicular or ovarian) arteries
Inferior mesenteric artery
Common iliac arteries
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36. Arteries of the Abdominal Aorta
Figure 19.12
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37. The Celiac Trunk and Main Branches
Figure 19.13
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38. PART 3
Blood Vessels

39. Distribution of the Superior and Inferior Mesenteric Arteries
Figure 19.14
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40. Arteries of the Pelvis and Lower Limbs
Internal iliac arteries
External iliac artery
Femoral artery
Popliteal artery
Anterior tibial artery
Posterior tibial artery
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41. Internal Iliac Artery Figure 19.15b
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42. Arteries of the Pelvis and Lower Limbs
Figure 19.16a
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43. Arteries of the Pelvis and Lower Limbs
Figure 19.16b
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44. Flow Chart Summarizing Main Systemic Arteries
Figure 19.17
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45. Fenestrated Capillary
Describe relevance of pulse points to clinical anatomy
Figure 19.5b
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46. Three major veins enter the right atrium
Systemic Veins
Three major veins enter the right atrium
Superficial veins lie just beneath the skin
Multivein bundles – venous plexuses
Unusual patterns of venous drainage
Dural sinuses
Hepatic portal system
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47. Venae Cavae and Tributaries
Superior vena cava
Returns blood from body regions superior to the diaphragm
Inferior vena cava
Returns blood from body regions inferior to the diaphragm
Superior and inferior vena cava
Join the right atrium
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48. Abdominal Cavity Showing Vasculature
Figure 19.19
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49. Major Veins of the Systemic Circulation
Figure 19.18
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50. PART 4
Blood Vessels

51. Veins of the Head and Neck
Dural Sinuses
Superior and inferior sagittal sinuses
Straight sinus
Transverse sinuses
Sigmoid sinus
Figure 19.20b
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52. Veins of the Head and Neck
Venous drainage
Internal jugular veins
External jugular veins
Vertebral veins
Figure 19.20a
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53. Veins of the Upper Limbs
Deep Veins
Follow the paths of companion arteries
Have the same names as the companion arteries
Superficial veins
Visible beneath the skin
Cephalic vein
Basilic vein
Median cubital vein
Median vein of the forearm
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54. Veins of the Right Limb Figure 19.21a
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55. Form anastomese frequently
Antecubital Fossa
Form anastomese frequently
Median cubital vein is used to obtain blood or administer IV fluids
Figure 19.22
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56. Accessory hemiazygos vein
Veins of the Thorax
Azygos vein
Hemiazygos vein
Accessory hemiazygos vein
Figure 19.21b
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57. Gonadal (testicular or ovarian) veins Renal veins Suprarenal veins
Veins of the Abdomen
Lumbar veins
Gonadal (testicular or ovarian) veins
Renal veins
Suprarenal veins
Hepatic veins
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58. Tributaries of the Inferior Vena Cava
Figure 19.23
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59. The Hepatic Portal System
A specialized part of the vascular circuit
Picks up digested nutrients
Delivers nutrients to the liver for processing
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60. The Basic Scheme of the Hepatic Portal System
Figure 19.24
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61. PART 5
Blood Vessels

62. Veins of the Hepatic Portal System
Figure 19.25
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63. Veins of the Pelvis and Lower Limbs
Deep veins
Share the name of the accompanying artery
Superficial veins
Great saphenous vein empties into the femoral vein
Small saphenous vein empties into the popliteal vein
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64. Veins of the Right Lower Limb and Pelvis
Figure 19.26a
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65. Veins of the Right Lower Limb and Pelvis
Figure 19.26b
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66. Flow Chart Summarizing Main Veins of Systemic Circulation
Figure 19.27
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67. Disorders of the Blood Vessels
Aneurysm
Deep vein thrombosis of the lower limb
Venous disease
Microangiopathy of diabetes
Arteriovenous malformation
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68. Blood Vessels Throughout Life
Fetal Circulation
All major vessels in place by month three of development
Differences between fetal and postnatal circulation
Fetus must supply blood to the placenta
Very little blood is sent through the pulmonary circuit
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69. Vessels to and from the Placenta
Umbilical vessels run in the umbilical cord
Paired umbilical arteries
Unpaired umbilical vein
Fetal vessels and structures
Ductus venosus
Ligamentum teres
Ligamentum venosum
Medial umbilical ligaments
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70. Shunts Away from the Pulmonary Circuit
Foramen ovale
Ductus arteriosus
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71. Fetal and Newborn Circulation Compared
Figure 19.28a
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72. Fetal and Newborn Circulation Compared
Figure 19.28b
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73. Blood Vessels in Adulthood
Atherosclerosis begins in youth
Consequences evident in middle to old age
Males
More atherosclerosis than females between ages 45 – 65
Females
Experience heart disease and atherosclerosis later in life
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