1. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Chapter 14 Blood Vessels and Blood Circulation

2. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Vascular System Closed systemClosed system –Blood vessels –Four heart chambers

3. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Blood Vessels Five types of blood vesselsFive types of blood vessels ArteriesArteries ArteriolesArterioles CapillariesCapillaries VenulesVenules VeinsVeins

4. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Checkpoint 14-1: What are the five types of blood vessels?Checkpoint 14-1: What are the five types of blood vessels?

5. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Blood Circuits Two groups of blood vesselsTwo groups of blood vessels The pulmonary circuitThe pulmonary circuit –Pulmonary artery and its branches –Capillaries in lungs –Pulmonary veins The systemic circuitThe systemic circuit –Aorta –Systemic capillaries –Systemic veins

6. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Blood flow in a closed system of vessels ZOOMING IN Judging from the color coding. Which vessels pick up oxygen? Which vessels release oxygen? Pulmonary capillaries Systemic capillaries

7. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Checkpoint 14-2: What are the two blood circuits and what areas does each serve?

8. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Vessel Structure Three tunics (coats) of arteries and veinsThree tunics (coats) of arteries and veins –Inner (endothelium) –Middle (smooth [involuntary] muscle) Controlled by autonomic nervous systemControlled by autonomic nervous system Thinner in veinsThinner in veins –Outer (supporting connective tissue)

9. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Sections of small blood vessels ZOOMING IN Which vessels have valves that control blood flow? Veins

10. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cross-section of an artery and vein ZOOMING IN Which type of vessel shown has a thicker wall Artery

11. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Checkpoint 14-3: What type of tissue makes up the middle layer of arteries and veins, and how is this tissue controlled?Checkpoint 14-3: What type of tissue makes up the middle layer of arteries and veins, and how is this tissue controlled? Checkpoint 14-4: How many cell layers make up the wall of a capillary?Checkpoint 14-4: How many cell layers make up the wall of a capillary?

12. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Systemic Arteries The aortaThe aorta –Largest artery –Receives blood from left ventricle –Branches to all organs

13. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Aorta and Its Parts Ascending aortaAscending aorta Aortic archAortic arch Thoracic aortaThoracic aorta Abdominal aortaAbdominal aorta

14. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The aorta and its branches ZOOMING IN How many brachiocephalic arteries are there? There is one brachiocephalic artery and two brachiocephalic veins

15. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Principal systemic arteries

16. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Branches of the Ascending Aorta and Aortic Arch Ascending aortaAscending aorta –Left and right coronary arteries Aortic archAortic arch –Brachiocephalic artery Right subclavian arteryRight subclavian artery Right common carotid arteryRight common carotid artery –Left common carotid artery –Left subclavian artery

17. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Branches of the Thoracic Aorta Branches to chest wall, esophagus, and bronchiBranches to chest wall, esophagus, and bronchi Intercostal arteriesIntercostal arteries

18. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Branches of the Abdominal Aorta Celiac trunkCeliac trunk –Left gastric artery –Splenic artery –Hepatic artery Superior mesenteric arterySuperior mesenteric artery Inferior mesenteric arteryInferior mesenteric artery Paired lateral branchesPaired lateral branches –Phrenic arteries –Suprarenal arteries –Renal arteries –Ovarian and testicular arteries –Lumbar arteries

19. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Checkpoint 14-5: What are the subdivisions of the aorta, largest artery?

20. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Iliac Arteries and Their Subdivision Common iliac arteriesCommon iliac arteries –Internal iliac arteries –External iliac arteries Femoral arteryFemoral artery –Popliteal artery »Tibial arteries »Dorsalis pedis

21. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Arteries That Branch to the Arm and Head External carotid arteryExternal carotid artery Internal carotid arteryInternal carotid artery Subclavian arterySubclavian artery –Vertebral artery –Axillary artery Brachial arteryBrachial artery –Radial artery –Ulnar artery

22. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Checkpoint 14-6: What arteries are formed by the final division of the abdominal aorta?Checkpoint 14-6: What arteries are formed by the final division of the abdominal aorta? Checkpoint 14-7: What areas are supplied by the brachiocephalic artery? Checkpoint 14-7: What areas are supplied by the brachiocephalic artery?

23. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Anastomoses Communication between two vesselsCommunication between two vessels –Circle of Willis –Superficial palmar arch –Mesenteric arches –Arterial arches

24. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Arteries that supply the brain

25. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Capillary network showing an arteriovenous shunt (anastomosis).

26. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Checkpoint 14-8: What is an anastomosis?

27. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Systemic Veins Superficial veinsSuperficial veins –Cephalic, basilic, median cubital veins –Saphenous veins Deep veinsDeep veins –Femoral and iliac veins –Brachial, axillary, subclavian veins –Jugular veins –Brachiocephalic vein

28. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Venae Cavae and Their Tributaries Superior vena cava Head, neck, upper extremities Azygos vein Chest wall Inferior vena cava Right, left veins from paired parts, organs Unpaired veins from spleen, digestive tract

29. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Principal systemic veins ZOOMING IN How many brachiocephalic veins are there?Two

30. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Checkpoint 14-9: Veins are described as superficial or deep. What does superficial mean?Checkpoint 14-9: Veins are described as superficial or deep. What does superficial mean? Checkpoint 14-10: What two large veins drain the systemic blood vessels and empty into the right atrium?Checkpoint 14-10: What two large veins drain the systemic blood vessels and empty into the right atrium?

31. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Venous Sinuses Coronary sinusCoronary sinus Cranial venous sinusesCranial venous sinuses –Cavernous sinuses Petrosal sinusesPetrosal sinuses –Superior sagittal sinus Confluence of sinusesConfluence of sinuses –Transverse sinuses (lateral sinuses)

32. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cranial venous sinuses

33. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Checkpoint 14-11: What is a venous sinus?

34. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Hepatic Portal System Carries blood from abdominal organs to liverCarries blood from abdominal organs to liver Superior mesenteric veinSuperior mesenteric vein Splenic veinSplenic vein Gastric, pancreatic, inferior mesenteric veinsGastric, pancreatic, inferior mesenteric veins SinusoidsSinusoids

35. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Hepatic portal system ZOOMING IN What vessel do the hepatic veins drain into? Inferior vena cava

36. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Checkpoint 14-12: The hepatic portal system takes blood from the abdominal organs to what organ?Checkpoint 14-12: The hepatic portal system takes blood from the abdominal organs to what organ?

37. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Physiology of Circulation Blood exchanges oxygen, carbon dioxide, other substances generated by cellsBlood exchanges oxygen, carbon dioxide, other substances generated by cells Tissue fluid (interstitial fluid) is exchange mediumTissue fluid (interstitial fluid) is exchange medium

38. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Capillary Exchange How substances move between cells and capillary bloodHow substances move between cells and capillary blood –Diffusion Main processMain process –Blood pressure Moves material into tissue fluidMoves material into tissue fluid –Osmotic pressure Draws material into capillariesDraws material into capillaries

39. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Connection between small blood vessels through capillaries.

40. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Checkpoint 14-13: As materials diffuse back and forth between the blood and tissue fluid across the capillary wall, what force helps to push materials out of the capillary? What force helps to draw materials into the capillary?

41. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Dynamics of Blood Flow Vasomotor center in medulla regulates vasomotor activitiesVasomotor center in medulla regulates vasomotor activities –Vasodilation –Vasoconstriction Precapillary sphincterPrecapillary sphincter

42. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Checkpoint 14-14: Name the two types of vasomotor changes.Checkpoint 14-14: Name the two types of vasomotor changes. Checkpoint 14-15: Where are vasomotor activities regulated?Checkpoint 14-15: Where are vasomotor activities regulated?

43. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Return of Blood to the Heart Mechanisms that promote blood’s return to heartMechanisms that promote blood’s return to heart –Contraction of skeletal muscles –Valves –Breathing

44. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Role of skeletal muscles and valves in blood return ZOOMING IN Which of the two valves shown is closer to the heart? Proximal valve

45. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Pulse Ventricular contractionVentricular contraction Wave of increased pressureWave of increased pressure Begins at heart and travels to arteriesBegins at heart and travels to arteries Influenced by various factorsInfluenced by various factors –Body size –Gender –Age –Muscular activity –Emotion –Body temperature –Thyroid secretion

46. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Checkpoint 14-16: What is the definition of pulse?

47. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Blood Pressure Force exerted by blood against vessel wallsForce exerted by blood against vessel walls Determined by heart’s output and resistance to blood flowDetermined by heart’s output and resistance to blood flow

48. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Factors that influence blood pressure

49. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cardiac Output Volume of blood pumped out of each ventricle in one minuteVolume of blood pumped out of each ventricle in one minute –Heart rate Beats per minuteBeats per minute –Stroke volume Controlled by force of contractionsControlled by force of contractions CO = Heart rate X Stroke volume CO = Heart rate X Stroke volume

50. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Resistance to Blood Flow Peripheral resistance is affected byPeripheral resistance is affected by Vasomotor changesVasomotor changes Elasticity of blood vesselsElasticity of blood vessels ViscosityViscosity Total blood volumeTotal blood volume

51. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Measurement of Blood Pressure Pressure usually measured in the brachial artery using a sphygmomanometerPressure usually measured in the brachial artery using a sphygmomanometer Systolic pressureSystolic pressure –Occurs during heart contraction Diastolic pressureDiastolic pressure –Occurs during heart relaxation

52. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Checkpoint 14-17: What is the definition of blood pressure?Checkpoint 14-17: What is the definition of blood pressure? Checkpoint 14-18: What two components of blood pressure are measured?Checkpoint 14-18: What two components of blood pressure are measured?