2. 1

3. 2 Think about… 8.1 The transport system 8.2 The blood 8.3 The blood vessels 8.4 The heart 8.5 Blood circulation Recall ‘Think about…’ Summary concept map

4. 3 The patient has lost a lot of blood. He needs blood transfusion.

5. 4 donated blood blood donor

6. 5 donated blood

7. 6 artificial blood bacteria producing haemoglobin

8. 7 What are the functions of blood in our body 1

9. 8 What is its role in the body What is haemoglobin 2

10. 9 Can artificial blood totally replace donated blood 3 Why

11. 10 8.1 The transport system In our city: transport system to carry goods and people around

12. 11 8.1 The transport system How are substances moved in organisms?

13. 12 8.1 The transport system In very small organisms: O2O2 nutrients waste by diffusion

14. 13 In multicellular organisms: substances need to move long distance 8.1 The transport system by a transport system

15. 14 human transport system lymphatic system ( 淋巴系統 ) circulatory system ( 循環系統 ) 8.1 The transport system

16. 15 Human circulatory system blood 8.1 The transport system carries nutrients and waste

17. 16 Human circulatory system blood vessels ( 血管 ) 8.1 The transport system distributed throughout the body

18. 17 Human circulatory system heart 8.1 The transport system as a pump to drive blood

19. 18 1 Humans are organisms. A is needed to carry substances from one place to another over long distances within the body. multicellular transport system 8.1 The transport system

20. 19 2 The human circulatory system consists of: blood blood vessels heart 8.1 The transport system

21. 20 8.2 The blood What is the composition?

22. 21 centrifugation Composition of blood 8.2 The blood

23. 22 Composition of blood plasma blood cells 8.2 The blood

24. 23 1Plasma 90% water 10% soluble substances 8.2 The blood

25. 24 10% soluble substances - plasma proteins - nutrients - waste - respiratory gases - hormones 1Plasma 8.2 The blood

26. 25 2Blood cells 8.2 The blood

27. 26 blood platelet red blood cell white blood cell 2Blood cells 8.2 The blood

28. 27 Red blood cells White blood cells Blood platelets Shape Biconcave disc IrregularSmall & irregular 2Blood cells 8.2 The blood

29. 28 Red blood cells White blood cells Blood platelets Nucleus Colour NoLargeNo RedColourless 2Blood cells due to haemoglobin 8.2 The blood

30. 29 Red blood cells White blood cells Blood platelets Size Small (7-8 μ m)* Phagocyte: large (10-29 μ m)* Lymphocyte: small (6-10 μ m)* < red blood cells (1-4 μ m)* 2Blood cells 8.2 The blood * Diameter

31. 30 Red blood cells White blood cells Blood platelets Number (/mm 3 ) Function 5.4 million7000250 000 Carrying oxygen Killing germs Blood clotting 2Blood cells by haemoglobin 8.2 The blood

32. 31 Red blood cells White blood cells Blood platelets Made in Life span Bone marrow Bone marrow, spleen Bone marrow 120 daysA few days 2Blood cells 8.2 The blood

33. 32 Red blood cells White blood cells Blood platelets Break down in Liver and spleen Killed by germs; Passed out in faeces Liver and spleen 2Blood cells 8.2 The blood

34. 33 What are the functions of blood? 8.2 The blood

35. 34 Functions of blood 1Transport of substances Red blood cells oxygen 8.2 The blood

36. 35 Functions of blood 1Transport of substances Plasma carbon dioxide nutrients urea 8.2 The blood hormones heat antibodies

37. 36 Functions of blood 2Protection against diseases engulfs and digests germs Phagocyte 8.2 The blood

38. 37 Functions of blood 2Protection against diseases 8.2 The blood produces antibodies Lymphocyte kill germs or neutralize toxins

39. 38 Functions of blood 2Protection against diseases 8.2 The blood help in blood clotting Blood platelets prevents further blood loss and entry of germs through the wounds

40. 39 1 blood platelet red blood cell white blood cell blood cellsplasma blood 8.2 The blood

41. 40 carries heat and 2 Functions of blood: Plasma dissolved substances 8.2 The blood

42. 41 contain to carry oxygen 2 Functions of blood: Red blood cells haemoglobin 8.2 The blood

43. 42 protect us against 2 Functions of blood: White blood cells diseases 8.2 The blood

44. 43 help in 2 Functions of blood: Blood platelets blood clotting 8.2 The blood

45. 44 8.3 The blood vessels Three types of blood vessels arteries veins capillaries heart aorta arteries arterioles capillaries veins venules venae cavae

46. 45 capillary network ( 微血管網 ) arteriole ( 小動脈 ) artery ( 動脈 ) venule ( 小靜脈 ) vein ( 靜脈 ) 8.3 The blood vessels

47. 46 Arteries and veins artery vein 8.3 The blood vessels

48. 47 Arteries and veins artery thin layer of fibrous tissue smaller lumen thick layer of muscles and elastic tissue thicker wall 8.3 The blood vessels

49. 48 Arteries and veins vein thick layer of fibrous tissue thin layer of muscles and elastic tissue thinner wall larger lumen 8.3 The blood vessels

50. 49 Arteries and veins 8.3 The blood vessels Why do arteries have a thicker muscular wall? arteryvein

51. 50 contracts and relaxes diameter changed regulates amount of blood flow 8.3 The blood vessels thick muscular wall Arteries and veins

52. 51 Arteries and veins 8.3 The blood vessels Why do artery walls contain more elastic fibres? arteryvein

53. 52 when heart relaxes arteries recoil ( 反衝 ) continuous blood flow 8.3 The blood vessels Arteries and veins

54. 53 Arteries and veins VeinArtery Direction of blood flow Away from the heart Towards the heart arteryvein 8.3 The blood vessels

55. 54 Arteries and veins VeinArtery Nature of blood Oxygenated Deoxygenated oxygenated blooddeoxygenated blood (not in pulmonary vein and umbilical vein) (not in pulmonary artery and umbilical artery) 8.3 The blood vessels

56. 55 Arteries and veins VeinArtery Wall ThinnerThicker arteryvein 8.3 The blood vessels (fewer elastic fibres) (more elastic fibres)

57. 56 Arteries and veins VeinArtery Lumen LargeSmall small lumenlarge lumen (resistance  ) 8.3 The blood vessels

58. 57 Arteries and veins VeinArtery Blood pressure LowHigh due to pumping of heart due to resistance in capillaries 8.3 The blood vessels

59. 58 Arteries and veins VeinArtery Force for blood flow Contraction of muscles Pumping of heart blood flow pumping contraction blood flow squeeze veins 8.3 The blood vessels

60. 59 Arteries and veins VeinArtery Presence of valves PresentAbsent except at the base of pulmonary artery and aorta prevent backflow of blood 8.3 The blood vessels

61. 60 Arteries and veins vein valve muscle 1Muscles contract. 2They press against the vein. to heart 8.3 The blood vessels

62. 61 Arteries and veins 3The vein is squeezed. 4The blood is forced to flow. to heart 8.3 The blood vessels

63. 62 Arteries and veins to heart 8.3 The blood vessels 5Muscles relax. 6Valves prevent blood from flowing back.

64. 63 Arteries and veins VeinArtery Location Close to body surface Deep inside the body 8.3 The blood vessels

65. 64 capillary network ( 微血管網 ) arteriole ( 小動脈 ) artery ( 動脈 ) venule ( 小靜脈 ) vein ( 靜脈 ) 8.3 The blood vessels

66. 65 Capillaries small lumen one-cell thick capillary wall differentially permeable 8.3 The blood vessels

67. 66 Capillaries outside inside capillary wall 8.3 The blood vessels

68. 67 Capillaries small substances, e.g. O 2, glucose and metabolic waste can pass through 8.3 The blood vessels outside inside

69. 68 Capillaries blood cells and proteins are too large to pass through 8.3 The blood vessels  outside inside

70. 69 1 Wrap a small living fish in moist paper towels and put it in a Petri dish. Put a slide over the tail fin. 8.3 Examination of the capillary flow in a fish tail fin Video 8.3 The blood vessels

71. 70 8.3 2Using low power magnification of a microscope or an image analysing device, observe the movement of blood in the capillary network in the tail fin. red blood cell 8.3 The blood vessels

72. 71 8.3 Results of observation The blood flow in the capillary network is quite slow. The direction of flow is one way. Red blood cells have a similar diameter to that of the capillaries. 8.3 The blood vessels red blood cell

73. 72 Blood pressure blood pressure artery arteriole pumping of heart: blood pressure  high & changes periodically 8.3 The blood vessels

74. 73 Blood pressure blood pressure artery narrow diameter: high resistance  blood pressure drops capillary arteriole 8.3 The blood vessels

75. 74 Blood pressure blood pressure artery long distance from heart: great friction  blood pressure further drops capillary arteriole venule vein 8.3 The blood vessels

76. 75 1 heart aortaarteries pumps blood into branches into branch into drain blood into join to form 8.3 The blood vessels

77. 76 arterioles capillaries venules branch into a network of (exchange of materials) join to form 8.3 The blood vessels

78. 77 1 heart aortaarteries veinsvenae cavae pumps blood into branches into branch into drain blood into join to form 8.3 The blood vessels

79. 78 22 Arteries: carries blood (except artery and artery) oxygenated pulmonary umbilical 8.3 The blood vessels

80. 79 22 Arteries: wall contains thick layer of muscles to regulate the blood flow elastic fibres recoil to maintain blood flow muscles elastic 8.3 The blood vessels

81. 80 22 Veins: carries blood (except vein and vein) deoxygenated pulmonary umbilical 8.3 The blood vessels

82. 81 22 Veins: lumen to reduce resistance to blood flow present to prevent backflow of blood large valves backflow 8.3 The blood vessels blood flows in one direction

83. 82 22 Capillaries: allows exchange of materials between blood and body cells exchange 8.3 The blood vessels

84. 83 contraction of muscles lying next to the veins pumping action of the heart 3 Movement of blood: In arteries: pumping action 8.3 The blood vessels In veins: contraction

85. 84 a great due to narrow diameter 4 Blood pressure: high drops drop In arteries: In arterioles: In capillaries: gradually 8.3 The blood vessels

86. 85 becomes even as the blood has overcome great friction and travelled a long distance 4 Blood pressure: friction In veins: lower 8.3 The blood vessels

87. 86 8.4 The heart 3D Model in the thoracic cavity between the two lungs

88. 87 8.4 The heart about the size of a fist ( 拳 )

89. 88 8.4 The heart weighs about 300 g

90. 89 8.4 The heart surrounded by pericardium ( 圍心膜 )

91. 90 8.4 The heart mainly made up of cardiac muscles ( 心肌 )

92. 91 Structure of the heart left atrium ( 左心房 ) left ventricle ( 左心室 ) right atrium ( 右心房 ) right ventricle ( 右心室 ) 8.4 The heart

93. 92 Structure of the heart aorta pulmonary artery pulmonary veins coronary artery coronary vein anterior vena cava posterior vena cava 8.4 The heart

94. 93 Structure of the heart coronary arteries ( 冠狀動脈 ) -receive blood from aorta -supply oxygen and nutrients to cardiac muscles coronary veins ( 冠狀靜脈 ) -carry away carbon dioxide and waste 8.4 The heart

95. 94 Structure of the heart 8.4 The heart

96. 95 Structure of the heart left atrium left ventricle right atrium 8.4 The heart right ventricle

97. 96 Structure of the heart aorta pulmonary veins pulmonary artery anterior vena cava posterior vena cava 8.4 The heart

98. 97 Structure of the heart bicuspid valve septum tricuspid valve semilunar valves 8.4 The heart

99. 98 Structure of the heart 8.4 The heart septum prevents mixing of blood on the two sides deoxygenated blood oxygenated blood

100. 99 Structure of the heart left atrium left ventricle right atrium 8.4 The heart right ventricle

101. 100 Atria thin muscular wall 8.4 The heart

102. 101 deoxygenated blood from head & arms Atria anterior vena cava 8.4 The heart

103. 102 deoxygenated blood from head & arms Atria deoxygenated blood from legs & abdomen oxygenated blood from lungs posterior vena cava pulmonary veins 8.4 The heart

104. 103 Structure of the heart left atrium left ventricle right atrium 8.4 The heart right ventricle

105. 104 Ventricles 8.4 The heart thick muscular wall

106. 105 Ventricles 8.4 The heart left ventricle has thicker muscular wall right left

107. 106 Ventricles left atriumright atrium left ventricle right ventricle pulmonary artery aorta lungs rest of body 8.4 The heart Animation

108. 107 Structure of the heart bicuspid valve tricuspid valve semilunar valves 8.4 The heart septum

109. 108 8.4 The heart Heart valves

110. 109 8.4 The heart Heart valves tricuspid valve (3 flaps) bicuspid valve (2 flaps) aorta pulmonary artery semilunar valves

111. 110 Heart valves Bicuspid valve and tricuspid valve 8.4 The heart prevent backflow of blood into atria

112. 111 Heart valves Bicuspid valve and tricuspid valve 8.4 The heart held by tough heart tendons ( 心腱索 )

113. 112 Heart valves Bicuspid valve and tricuspid valve 8.4 The heart held by tough heart tendons ( 心腱索 ) prevent valves from turning inside out

114. 113 Heart valves Semilunar valves 8.4 The heart prevent backflow of blood into ventricles

115. 114 1 Identify the left and right sides, the dorsal and ventral sides, and the major blood vessels of a pig heart. 8.4 Dissection and examination of a pig heart Video 8.4 The heart

116. 115 8.4 2Run water slowly into each of the four major blood vessels in turn. Observe what happens. 8.4 The heart

117. 116 8.4 ventral side 8.4 The heart 3Cut the ventricles from the bottom into two halves horizontally. First along the left side, then along the middle and lastly along the right side. Remove the ventral halves of the ventricles.

118. 117 8.4 4Cut the atria into two halves to show the valves. Remove the ventral halves of the atria. Cut open the base of the pulmonary artery and identify the semilunar valves inside. pulmonary artery 8.4 The heart

119. 118 8.4 5Move the pulmonary artery sideways to the left. Then cut open the base of the aorta and identify the semilunar valves inside. aorta 8.4 The heart

120. 119 Adaptation of the heart as an effective pumping organ 1Cardiac muscles can contract and relax continuously 8.4 The heart

121. 120 2Ventricles have thick muscular wall 8.4 The heart Adaptation of the heart as an effective pumping organ

122. 121 3Bicuspid valve, tricuspid valve and semilunar valves prevent backflow of blood 8.4 The heart Adaptation of the heart as an effective pumping organ

123. 122 4Heart tendons prevent bicuspid and tricuspid valves from turning inside out 8.4 The heart Adaptation of the heart as an effective pumping organ

124. 123 1 The supply oxygen and nutrients to the cardiac muscles. The carry away carbon dioxide and other waste from the cardiac muscles. coronary arteries coronary veins 8.4 The heart

125. 124 2 The heart consists of four chambers: left atrium left ventricle right atrium right ventricle 8.4 The heart

126. 125 2 Valves also present to prevent backflow of blood: bicuspid valve semilunar valves tricuspid valve 8.4 The heart

127. 126 3 Blood vessels that carry blood into and out of the heart: carry deoxygenated blood into the heart venae cavae 8.4 The heart

128. 127 3 Blood vessels that carry blood into and out of the heart: carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs pulmonary artery 8.4 The heart

129. 128 3 Blood vessels that carry blood into and out of the heart: carry oxygenated blood into the heart pulmonary veins 8.4 The heart

130. 129 3 Blood vessels that carry blood into and out of the heart: carries oxygenated blood to all parts of body aorta 8.4 The heart

131. 130 8.5 Blood circulation blood circulation pulmonary circulation ( 肺循環 ) systemic circulation ( 體循環 )

132. 131 aorta pulmonary veins venae cavae 8.5 Blood circulation pulmonary circulation pulmonary artery right left

133. 132 aorta pulmonary veins venae cavae pulmonary artery all other parts of the body systemic circulation 8.5 Blood circulation right left

134. 133 blood circulation pulmonary circulation ( 肺循環 ) systemic circulation ( 體循環 ) 8.5 Blood circulation

135. 134 1 Pulmonary circulation 1 Right ventricle contracts. 8.5 Blood circulation

136. 135 1 Pulmonary circulation 2 Deoxygenated blood is pumped to the lungs. 8.5 Blood circulation pulmonary artery

137. 136 1 Pulmonary circulation 3 Gas exchange takes place. 8.5 Blood circulation lungs

138. 137 1 Pulmonary circulation 4 Oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium. 8.5 Blood circulation pulmonary veins

139. 138 2 Systemic circulation 1 Oxygenated blood flows from left atrium to left ventricle. 8.5 Blood circulation body parts (except lungs)

140. 139 2 Systemic circulation 2 Left ventricle contracts. 8.5 Blood circulation body parts (except lungs)

141. 140 2 Systemic circulation 3 Blood is pumped to all body parts (except the lungs). 8.5 Blood circulation body parts (except lungs) aorta

142. 141 2 Systemic circulation 4 Exchange of materials takes place, the blood becomes deoxygenated. 8.5 Blood circulation body parts (except lungs)

143. 142 2 Systemic circulation 5 Deoxygenated blood returns to the right atrium through veins. 8.5 Blood circulation body parts (except lungs) venae cavae

144. 143 aorta 8.5 Blood circulation 2 Systemic circulation

145. 144 head, neck, arms 8.5 Blood circulation 2 Systemic circulation anterior vena cava

146. 145 8.5 Blood circulation 2 Systemic circulation aorta posterior vena cava

147. 146 8.5 Blood circulation 2 Systemic circulation hepatic artery liver hepatic vein

148. 147 8.5 Blood circulation 2 Systemic circulation small intestine liver hepatic portal vein (nutrient-rich blood)

149. 148 8.5 Blood circulation 2 Systemic circulation aorta posterior vena cava 1After digestion, nutrient-rich blood is passed to liver through hepatic portal vein.

150. 149 8.5 Blood circulation 2 Systemic circulation aorta posterior vena cava 2The blood then flows through hepatic vein and posterior vena cava to the heart.

151. 150 The pumps deoxygenated blood through the to the lungs for gas exchange. 1a In the pulmonary circulation: right ventricle pulmonary artery lungs 8.5 Blood circulation

152. 151 The oxygenated blood flows through to the. 1a In the pulmonary circulation: left atrium pulmonary veins 8.5 Blood circulation

153. 152 1b In the systemic circulation: The oxygenated blood flows from the left atrium to the left ventricle. left ventricle 8.5 Blood circulation

154. 153 1b In the systemic circulation: The left ventricle then pumps the blood through to all parts of the body except the lungs. lungs aorta 8.5 Blood circulation

155. 154 1b In the systemic circulation: Exchange of materials takes place in the capillary bed. The blood becomes. deoxygenated 8.5 Blood circulation

156. 155 1b In the systemic circulation: The deoxygenated blood returns to the through the. right atrium venae cavae 8.5 Blood circulation

157. 156 What are the functions of blood in our body? 1 Blood is the transport medium in our body. It is also important in protecting us against diseases.

158. 157 What is haemoglobin? What is its role in the body? 2 Haemoglobin in red blood cells acts as oxygen carriers.

159. 158 Can artificial blood totally replace donated blood? Why? 3 Artificial blood consisting mainly of haemoglobin can carry oxygen to the organs. However, it cannot serve for other functions of blood, such as defence against diseases and blood clotting.

160. 159 is provided by Transport in humans circulatory system heart consists of bloodblood vessels lymphatic system

161. 160 made up of blood plasma blood cells red blood cells include blood platelets white blood cells