1. Ch 33 Circulatory System Lymphatic System Respiratory System

2. Scientific Notation
1) 100,000,000,000,000 2)
3) 2,500,000,000,000 4) 5)
6) 5,000,000,000
7) 3,000,000

3. Scientific Notation
1) 1014
2) 7 x 10-9 m
3) 2.5 x 1012
4) 7.5 x 10-6 m
5) 2 x 10-6 m
6) 5 x 109
7) 3 x 106

4. I. Circulatory System
A. Function/Purpose
1. transport nutrients and waste
2. interacts with interstitial fluid
a. fluid surrounding tissues
3. maintains homeostasis

5. B. Closed vs. Open Circulatory Systems
1. open (mollusks & arthropods)
a. blood flows out of blood vessels
into sinuses and spaces inside
body tissues
2. closed
a. blood stays in vascular tissue

6. C. Heart
1. pericardium
a. protective sac of tissue
surrounding the heart
2. myocardium
a. thick layer of muscle that
contracts moving the blood
3. septum
a. divides right and left halves of the
heart
b. prevents the mixing of oxygen
rich and oxygen poor blood

7. 4. Circulation Through the Body
a. Pulmonary circuit
1) blood leaves the heart and goes
to the lungs
2) receives O2
3) gets rid of CO2
b. Systemic circuit
1) blood leaves left side of heart and
goes to rest of body

8. The Circulatory System
Capillaries of head and arms
Capillaries of abdominal organs and legs
Inferior vena cava
Pulmonary vein
Capillaries of right lung
Superior vena cava
Aorta
Pulmonary artery
Capillaries of left lung

9. 5. Blood Flow
blood enters left atrium
mitral valve
left ventricle
aortic valve
aorta
arteries
arterioles
capillaries

10. venules
veins
Superior and Inferior vena cava
right atrium
tricuspid valve
right ventricle
pulmonary valve
pulmonary arteries
left and right lungs
pulmonary veins
left atrium

11. 6. Heartbeat
a. sinoatrial node (SA)
1) in wall of right atrium
2) the pacemaker
3) contractions begin here
b. atrioventricular node (AV)
1) contractions cross the septum
from the SA node
2) AV node carries contraction to the
ventricles

12. The Sinoatrial Node Contraction of Atria Contraction of Ventricles
Sinoatrial (SA) node
Conducting fibers
Atrioventricular (AV) node

13. c. movement of blood
1) when atria contract, blood flows
into ventricles
2) when the ventricles contract,
blood flows out of heart
3) this is the thub-thub of the
heartbeat

14. D. Blood Vessels
1. Arteries
a. oxygen rich blood usually
2. Arterioles
3. Capillaries/Capillary beds
a. walls are one cell thick
b. blood cells pass through in single
file
c. blood flows through one capillary
bed, except in intestines – blood
also goes through liver capillary bed

15. 4. Veinules
5. Veins
a. large veins contain valves
b. exercise helps to move the blood
and prevents
stretching of the
veins and pooling
of blood

17. II. Blood
A. Blood
qts in humans
2. connective tissue
3. contains dissolved substances and specialized cells (RBC, WBC, plasma, platelets)

18. B. Function
1. collects O2 from lungs
2. collects nutrients from digestive system
3. collects waste from cells/tissue
4. helps to maintain homeostasis (pH, fights infection)
5. carries hormones

19. C. Blood Plasma (50-60% of blood volume)
1. straw colored
2. 90% water
3. 1-2% dissolved gases, salts, vitamins, lipids, amino acids, sugars, enzymes, hormones, waste products

20. Figure 37-7 Blood Section 37-2 Plasma Platelets White blood cells
Red blood cells
Whole Blood Sample
Sample Placed in Centrifuge
Blood Sample That Has Been Centrifuged

21. 4. plasma proteins 7-8%
a. albumins
1) transport fatty acids, hormones
and vitamins
2) regulate osmotic pressure and
blood volume
b. globulins
1) same as 1 and 2 above
2) fight viral and bacterial infection
c. fibrinogen
1) responsible for blood clotting

22. D. Cellular Portion (40-50% of blood vol)
1. Red Blood Cells (RBC)/Erythrocytes
a. oxygen binds to hemoglobin
1) iron-containing protein
b. transport CO2
c. shaped like disc
d. do not have nuclei – replaced with
hemoglobin
e. produced from stem cells in blood
marrow

23. 2. White Blood Cell (WBC)/Leukocytes
a. formed from stem cells in bone
marrow
b. contain nuclei
c. fewer in number
d. can leave capillaries and travel
through the lymphatic system
e. first line of defense
f. numbers increase rapidly at the
first sign of an infection

24. g. Types of WBC
1) Neutrophiles
a) phagocytosis during
inflammation
2) Lymphocytes
a) produce antibodies that
destroy pathogens
b) help develop immunity to
diseases
3) Monocytes (macrophages)
a) Phagocytosis in all defense
responses

25. 4) Eosinophils
a) defense against parasitic
worms
5) Basophils
a) secrete substances for
inflammatory response
b) fat removal from blood

26. 3. Platelets and plasma proteins
a. Hemostasis
1) the process that stops blood loss
b. capillary wall breaks
c. platelets clump at the break and
release thromboplastin
d. thromboplastin converts prothrobin
into thrombin
e. thrombin converts fibinogen into
fibrin causing a clot

27. Figure 37-10 Blood Clotting
Section 37-2
Break in Capillary Wall
Blood vessels injured.
Clumping of Platelets
Platelets clump at the site and release thromboplastin. Thromboplastin converts prothrombin into thrombin..
Clot Forms
Thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin, which causes a clot. The clot prevents further loss of blood..

28. 4. Skipocytes

29. E. Blood Types and Transfusions
1. 30% decline in blood volume causes circulatory shock and then death
2. agglutination
a. antibodies (proteins in the
plasma) act against foreign cells and
cause them to clump together
b. small blood vessels become
clogged and tissue and organ
damage results

30. 2. ABO Blood Types
Type Genotype
A IAIA
IAi
B IBIB
IBi
AB IAIB
O ii

31. Blood Transfusions Blood Type of Recipient Blood Type of Donor
Section 37-2
Blood Type of Recipient
Blood Type of Donor
A B AB O A B AB O
Unsuccessful transfusion
Successful transfusion

32. 3. Rh Blood Typing
a. Rh+ or Rh-
b. person can develop antibodies
against Rh markers
c. Rh- coming in contact with Rh+
blood
d. Erythroblastosis fetalis
1) fetus dies as a result of Rh-
mother’s immune response
to Rh+ fetus

33. Designer Blood
Section 37-2
The federal government wants to find ways to make the blood supply safer for everyone who needs blood. However, no one has yet found a way to find and eliminate all disease-causing agents in the blood. Imagine that you are the head of a biotechnology company and think that you can design a safe alternative — artificial blood.

34. Interest Grabber continued
1. What characteristics would artificial blood need to take the place of real blood?
2. Do you think that artificial blood could completely replace real blood? Explain your answer.

35. III. The Lymphatic System and Immunity
A. Purpose/Function
1. collects the approximate 3 L of fluid that leaks from the circulatory system into the interstitial fluid every day and returns it to the circulatory system
2. helps to absorb nutrients from the intestines
3. delivers pathogens, foreign cells and cellular debris from body’s tissues to the lymph

36. The Lymphatic System Superior vena cava Thymus Heart Thoracic duct
Section 37-2
Superior vena cava
Thymus
Heart
Thoracic duct
Spleen
Lymph nodes
Lymph vessels

37. B. Lymph
1. the leaking fluid
C. Lymph Vascular System
1. consists of many tubes that collect and deliver water and solutes from the interstitial fluid to ducts of the circulatory system

38. 2. lymph nodes
a. small bean-shaped enlargements
b. filter lymph trapping bacteria and
other disease causing
microorganisms
c. nodes can become full

39. D. Edema
1. swelling of the tissues because of excess fluid
E. Thymus
1. primary lymphoid organ
2. where lymphocytes acquire their antigen receptors
F. Spleen
1. makes most antibodies

40. G. Tonsils
1. lymphatic tissue in the throat
2. traps and destroys bacteria
3. adenoids
a. second set of tonsils behind the
nose

41. IV. Respiratory System
A. Purpose/Function
1. to bring about respiration between blood, tissues, and air
2. respiration
a. the process of gas exchange
b. CO2 and O2

42. B. Air Movement
1. through nose passages
2. pharynx or throat
3. trachea or windpipe
4. epiglottis – covers entrance of trachea
5. bronchi
6. bronchioles
7. alveoli
** air must be warmed, moistened, and filtered

43. Figure 37-13 The Respiratory System
Section 37-3

44. C. Gas Exchange
a. 150 million alveoli
b. gases move by diffusion
c. Hemoglobin makes the process more efficient
d. oxygen diffuses where oxygen’s partial pressure is lower than in the lungs
e. oxygen is given up faster where blood is warmer, pH is lower, and CO2 partial pressure is high

45. f. CO2 diffuses into blood capillaries where its partial pressure in the cell is higher than in the blood flowing past it

46. D. Breathing
1. movement of air in and out of the lungs
2. diaphragm
a. large, flat muscle at the bottom of
the thoracic cavity
3. controlled by autonomic NS
a. as CO2 level in blood increases,
ANS tells diaphragm to contract
more

47. The Mechanics of Breathing
Air exhaled
Air inhaled
Rib cage lowers
Rib cage rises
Diaphragm
Diaphragm
Inhalation
Exhalation

48. The Mechanics of Breathing
Air exhaled
Air inhaled
Rib cage lowers
Rib cage rises
Diaphragm
Diaphragm
Inhalation
Exhalation

49. 4. pleural membrane
a. two layers covering the lungs with
fluid between them
b. helps to control pressure in the
thoracic cavity

52. End