1. Cardiovascular System
By: Kayla Sood & Cynthia Amador P.4

2. What is the Cardiovascular System?

3. Why is the cardiovascular system important to us?
Carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, proteins, electrolytes, gases to cells.
Transports toxins and carbon dioxide away from cells.
Necessary to stay alive, duhhh!

4. Heart Chambers and Valves
The heart consists of 4 hallow chambers and 4 valves, that make the process of blood circulation throughout the body possible.

5. Heart chambers and valves(continued…)
Atria- upper chambers
thin walls
Receives blood returning to heart
Ventricle- lower chambers
Forces blood out heart, into arteries
Aorta- carries blood from heart to rest of body except lungs
Interatrial Septum
Separates right and left atrium
Interventricular Septum
Separates right and left ventricles

6. 4 Chambers Left atrium Receives oxygen rich- blood from lungs
Right atrium
Receives oxygen
Pumps to right ventricle
Left atrium
Receives oxygen rich- blood from lungs
Pumps to left ventricle
Right ventricle
Pumps oxygen poor- blood to lungs
Left ventricle
Pumps oxygen rich-blood to aorta then out to the body

7. 4 Valves 2 Semilunar Mitral Valve (bicuspid valve)
Located on left side
Tricuspid Valve
Located between upper atria and lower ventricles on right side
2 Atrioventricular
Aortic Valve
Located on the left side
Pulmonary Valve
Located in arteries leaving the heart on right side

8. Purposes of the 4 major valves
Mitral and tricuspid
Control blood flow from atria to ventricle
Aortic and pulmonary
Control blood flow out of the ventricles
As LV contracts, opens and allows blood to leave; closes and prevents back flow of blood in LV
When ventricles contract, prevents back flow of blood in LA and LV
Allows blood flow from RA into RV, prevents blood moving in wrong direction
Prevents backflow of blood into RV and opens as it contracts

9. Coverings of the Heart The heart consist of two major layers:
Heart is enclosed in a double-walled sac: pericardium
The loose fitting superficial part of this sac: fibrous pericardium.
The fibrous pericardium:
protects heart
holds together surrounding structures
prevents overfilling heart with blood
Deeper part of fibrous pericardium is the serous pericardium…

10. Coverings of the heart (continued…)
Serous Pericardium: a thin, two-layer membrane that forms a closed sac around the heart.
Parietal layer of serous pericardium lines internal surface of the fibrous pericardium.
At superior edges of heart, parietal layer attaches to large arteries exiting the heart.
Then turns inferiorly and continues over the external heart surface as the visceral layer, also called the epicardium,  
*which is an essential part of the heart wall.

11. Coverings of the heart (continued…)
Layers of the Heart Wall
The heart wall is composed of three layers:
Epicardium
myocardium
endocardium
Epicardium(superficial layer) is the visceral layer of the serous pericardium.
Thin layer of CT and fat
Myocardium(middle layer) composed mainly of cardiac muscle cells (cardiomyocytes) and forms the bulk of the heart.
CT fibers form a dense network called the fibrous cardiac skeleton that support structure of the myocardium & cardiac muscle fibers.
Inner layer: Endocardium made up of endothelial & consist of thin, smooth membrane, lines inside chambers of heart, located under myocardium.

12. Coverings of the heart (continued…)

13. Coverings of the heart (continued…)
pericardial cavity: Between the parietal and visceral layers; contains a film of serous fluid.
The serous membranes are lubricated by the serous fluid
Allows for gliding past each other, allowing the heart to work in a friction- free environment.

14. Blood vessels
Arteries: Vessels that transports blood away form the heart & to capillaries
Capillaries: small blood vessel that connects an arteriole to a venule; thin and fragile
Veins: vessels that carry blood towards the heart
5 major vessel that go to
and leave the heart:
Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary vein
aorta

15. Blood vessels(continued…)
Vena cava: veins that return deoxygenated blood from circulation & body and empty into the right atrium
Superior: transports deoxygenated blood from upper extremities (head, neck etc.)
Inferior: transports deoxygenated blood from lower extremities (thorax, abdomen, etc.)
Pulmonary artery: carries deoxygenated blood from right ventricle into lungs for oxygenation.
pulmonary vein: carry oxygenated blood from lungs into left atrium; return to systemic circulation.
The aorta (largest artery): carries oxygenated blood from left ventricle of heart into systemic circulation.
*Pulmonary trunk artery: vessel in which blood from RV exits, then branches to left and right pulmonary arteries; transports blood to lungs

16. Blood vessels( continued…)
3 layer of blood vessels
Tunica Intima: inner most layer
Composed of thin layers of endothelial cells
Allows for nutrients and gas
Tunica media: muscular middle layer
Contains smooth muscle allowing to constrict and dilate; to adjust volume of blood
Tunica extrema: outer most layer
Surrounds tunica media
Composed of CT

17. Blood Path 1. Superior Vena Cava 2. Inferior Vena Cava 3. Right Atrium
4. Tricuspid Valve
8. Pulmonary Veins
7. Pulmonary Artery
6. Pulmonary Valve
5. Right Ventricle
9. Left Atrium
10. Mitral Valve
11. Left Ventricle
12. Aorta

18. REST OF OUR BODY!

19. Blood Pressure
There are 5 major parts that make up the process of blood pressure:
Filtration
Glomerular filtration:
Fluid in blood is filtered across capillaries of the glomerulus and into the urinary space of Bowman’s Capsule
2. Systole vs. Diastole
Systole: maximum pressure achieved during ventricle contractions
Diastole: Lowest pressure that remains in the arteries before the next ventricle contraction
*Both numbers make up blood pressure

20. Blood Pressure (continued…)
3. Pressure vs. Distance
Pressure- speed
Distance- how far blood circulates throughout body
4. Plasma and protein relation to blood
Plasma
extracellular matrix (yellow liquid)
Make up about 55% of body’s total blood value
Proteins
Transport of lipids, hormones, vitamins, and metals

21. Blood Pressure (continued…)
5. Cardiac Output (aka Q)
Made up of 2 components:
Heart rate (HR): refers to number of times heart beats every minute (BPM)
Stroke volume (SV): refers to amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle with every heart beat
Equation for cardiac output:
HR x SV = Q

22. Heart Beat and Sounds
Noises created by beating heart and flow of blood
Sounds reflect turbulence created when the heart valves snap shut
2 normal heart sounds “lub” & ”dub”
Lub: caused by closing of AV valves; during ventricular systole
Dub: cause by closing of pulmonary and AV valves; during ventricular diastole
2 different heart sounds S1& S2, produced by closing of AV valves and semilunar valves
S1: caused by AV valves, Mitral and tricuspid
S2: caused by semilunar valves, aortic and pulmonic
Other sounds:
Murmur: when cusps don’t close completely and blood is leaked back through valve
Aortic/pulmonic sound, mitral/tricuspid

23. Conduction
Important tissues, cells, fibers, etc. and their location and function
Bundle branches: transmits cardiac impulse from AV bundle to myofibers
Stimulates ventricles to contract
Atrioventricular bundle: transmits cardiac impulses from AV node to bundle of branches causing contraction
Regulates heartbeat
Consists of cardiac muscle
Purkinje: specialized cardiac muscle fibers
Conducts electrical impulses through heart from AV bundle to ventricular walls
Located in between lining of serous cavity

24. Conduction (continued…)
Cells:
Non-pacemaker cells
Fast rate of depolarizing
Located all throughout heart with the exception of pacemaker cells
Pacemaker cells
Slow rate of depolarizing
Located in SA and AV nodes
Smooth muscle cells
Cardiac muscle cells
Able to depolarize at own rate because of unstable membrane resting potential and leaky ion channels

25. Conduction (continued…)
SA Node (Sino atrial) “pacemaker”
Controls heart rate
Consists of specialized cardiac muscle fibers
Located in RA near superior vena cava
AV Node (atrioventriclular)
Part of electrical control system of heart
Between artia and ventricles
Located beneath endocardium and on inferior part of septum

26. Conduction (continued…)
The cardiovascular system follows a very precise regulation so that an appropriate supply of oxygenated blood can be provided to different body tissues.

27. Conduction (continued…)
Regulation:
Sympathetic nervous system: speeds up heart rate
Parasympathetic nervous system: slows down heart rate

28. Bibliography
ess-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/the- cardiovascular-system-18/the-heart-172/heart-great- vessels / blood-travel-human-body physiology/the-cardiovascular-system/blood-vessels