1. Exercise 36
Blood vessels

2. The wall of the blood vessels
Three distinct layers
Tunica intima
Lines the lumen
Simple squamous epithelium
endothelium and endocardium
Tunica media
Smooth muscle,
collagen and elastic fibers
Regulates the diameter of the blood vessels

3. The wall of the blood vessels
Tunica externa or adventitia
Areolar or fibrous connective tissue
Supports the vessel
Protects the vessel

4. The wall of the blood vessels

5. Arteries
Blood vessels that conduct blood away from the heart and toward tissues. In the pulmonary circulation, pulmonary arteries conduct deoxygenated blood to the lungs. In the systemic circulation, the aorta and its branches conduct oxygenated blood toward the systemic tissues

6. Arteries
Small arteries are called arterioles. Arterioles conduct blood into a network of even smaller vessels, or capillaries.

7. Arteries Subject to pressure fluctuations Thick walls
Contain more smooth muscle and elastic tissues
Narrower lumen than veins

8. Arteries Can be classified as: Elastic Closer to the heart
Large arteries
More elastic fibers than smooth muscle

9. Arteries Muscular Farther from the heart Smaller arteries
More smooth muscle than elastic fibers

10. Veins
Blood vessels that conduct blood toward the heart. In the pulmonary circulation, the pulmonary veins return oxygenated blood from the lungs. In the systemic circulation the vena cava returns deoxygenated blood from the rest of the systemic loop. Venules are small veins.

11. Veins Far from the heart Not subjected to pressure fluctuations
Thin walls
Larger lumen than arteries
Presence of valves
Skeletal muscle pump

12. Veins

13. Arteries and veins

14. Aorta Ascending aorta – first portion Aortic arch
Descending aorta – within the thorax
Abdominal aorta – within the abdomen

15. Aorta
Ascending aorta
Right and left coronary arteries originate from base of aortic sinus
Aortic arch
Brachiocephalic trunk – first branch
Right common carotid
Right subclavian
Left common carotid – second branch
Left subclavian – third branch

16. Aorta
Descending aorta
Thoracic and abdominal aortas

17. Head and neck Internal Carotid External carotid Vertebral
Basilar – formed by the fusion of the vertebral arteries

18. Head and neck

19. Head and neck Circle of Willis Posterior cerebral
Posterior communicating
Middle cerebral
Anterior cerebral
Anterior communicating

20. Circle of Willis

21. Upper limb Axillary – continuation of the subclavian
Brachial – continuation of the axillary
Ulnar – branch of the brachial
Radial – branch of the brachial

22. Upper limb

23. thoracic and abdominal regions
Intercostals
Celiac trunk – to stomach, spleen, and liver
Superior mesenteric – to the small intestine and proximal large intestine
Suprarenal – to the adrenals
Renal – to the kidneys

24. thoracic and abdominal regions
Gonadals
Testicular
Ovarian
Inferior mesenteric – to the distal large intestine
Common iliac – branches from the inferior end of the abdominal aorta

25. thoracic and abdominal regions

26. Pelvis and lower limbs Internal iliac – to pelvic structures
External iliac- to the leg
Femoral- to the thigh
Popliteal – to popliteal region
Anterior tibial – to the crural region
Posterior tibial – to the sural region
Fibular – to fibular region

27. Pelvis and lower limbs

28. Chapter 33
PART B

29. Veins – head and neck Brachiocephalic – into sup.vena cava
Subclavian – lateral branch of brachiocephalic
Internal jugular – medial branch into the brachiocephalic vein
External jugular – external vein of the neck that returns blood to the subclavian

30. Head and neck

31. Head and neck Sinuses – drain blood from the cranium Superior sagittal
Inferior sagittal sinus
Transverse

32. Cranium

33. Upper limb and thorax
Axillary – it is a continuation of the subclavian
Basilic – medial and empties into the brachial
Brachial – continuation of axillary
Cephalic – lateral and empties into the axillary
Medial cubital – connects basilic to cephalic

34. Upper limb and thorax Ulnar Median Radial
Azygos – unpaired branch into the sup. Vena cava. Drains the right side of the thorax.
Hemiazygos, and accessory hemiazygos -2 sets of multiple veins that empty into the azygos and drain the left side of the thorax.
Intercostals

35. Upper limb and thorax

36. Abdominal veins Hepatic Renal Gonadal – testicular or ovarian
Right side empties into inf. Vena cava
Left side joins with left renal
Common iliac – two branches that fuse to become inf. Vena cava

37. Hepatic portal system
Portal circulation is a set of vessels that begins and ends with capillary networks.
It returns blood from the digestive system to the liver
From the liver the blood flows to the inf. Vena cava

38. Hepatic portal system Hepatic portal vein – going to the liver Liver
Hepatic vein - from the liver to inferior vena cava

39. Hepatic portal system

40. Lower limbs Internal iliac External iliac Femoral
Great saphenous – medial; into the femoral vein.
Popliteal
Small saphenous - lateral and posterior; into the popliteal.

41. Lower limbs Anterior tibial - branch into the popliteal
Posterior tibial – branch into the popliteal
Fibular

42. Lower limbs

43. Vessels on the Cat Thoracic Cavity and Arm
Arteries
Aorta
Brachiocephalic trunk
Common carotid- right and left
Subclavian – right and left
Axillary
Brachial

44. Vessels on the Cat Thoracic Cavity and Arm
Veins
Brachiocephalic trunks
Jugular –internal and external
Subclavian
Brachial

45. Vessels on the Cat Abdominal Cavity and Leg
Arteries
Abdominal aorta
Celiac trunk
Superior mesenteric
Renal
Inferior mesenteric
Iliac – common, external and internal
Femoral

46. Vessels on the Cat Abdominal Cavity and Leg
Veins
Inferior vena cava
Hepatic portal vein
Renal
Iliac – common, internal and external
Great saphenous
Femoral