1. Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
Chapter One
Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

2. Relationship Between Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy: study of the structure and shape of the body and their relationship to one another
Physiology: study of how the body and its parts work or function
STRUCTURE DETERMINES FUNCTION

3. The Specialties of Anatomy
Anatomy can be divided into gross and microscopic:
Forms of Gross Anatomy
Surface anatomy – study of superficial marking
Regional anatomy – study of specific area
Systemic anatomy – study of system
Developmental anatomy – study changes from conception to physical maturity.
Microscopic anatomy includes two major subdivisions
Cytology – study of cell
Histology – study of tissue

4. Comparative Anatomy
All vertebrates share a basic pattern of organization, most noticeable during embryology.

5. The Specialties of Physiology
Physiology is the study of the normal function of cell, tissue, organs, systems and organisms
Physiology can be divided into the following specialties:
Cell physiology – study of cell
Special physiology - study of specific organ
Systemic physiology – study of system
Pathological physiology – study of the effect of disease on cell, tissue, organ and system.

6. Levels of Organization

7. Organ Systems

20. Characteristics of Life
Responsiveness
permits an organism to sense, monitor, and respond to changes in its
external environment
b. highly developed in nerve and muscle cells
Conductivity
a. capacity of living cells and tissues to selectively transmit or propagate
a wave of excitation from one point to another within the body
b. highly developed in nerve and muscle cells
Growth
a. normal increase in size or number of cells
b. produces an increase in size (person, organ, part)
c. little change in the shape

21. Respiration
Involves processes in absorption, transport, utilization, or exchange of respiratory gases between an organism and its environment
b. Internal vs. external
Digestion
Complex food products are broken down into simpler substances that can be absorbed and used by organism
Absorption
a. Movement of digested nutrients through the wall of the digestive tube and into body fluids for transport to cells

22. 7.Secretion
a. Production and delivery of specialized substances (digestive juices, hormones) for diverse body
functions
Excretion
a. Removal of wastes produced during body functions (breakdown and use of nutrients in the cell)
Circulation
a. Movement of body fluids and many other substances (nutrients, hormones, waste products) from one body area to another
Reproduction
a. Formation of new individual and new cells (cell division)
b. Permits growth, wound repair, and replacement of dead/
aging cells

23. What is Metabolism?
Metabolism – describes the various processes by which life is made possible
- breakdown of nutrients
- produce energy
- transform one material into another
- required to make complex carbs out of
simple carbs

24. How can you remember the list?
I am walking to McDonalds (movement)
I stop at the traffic light (response)
My body is growing (growth)
I am breathing air (respiration)
My body absorbs the hamburger (absorption)
The hamburger circulates in my body (circulation)
The hamburger is changed to things my body needs (assimilation)
Eventually, I go to the bathroom (excretion)
Someday I may reproduce (reproduction)

25. Anatomical Position/Bilateral Symmetry
Anatomical Position – erect; palms, head and feet forward
Bilateral Symmetry – right and left sides are mirror images

26. Appendicular= Arms and legs
General Organization
Axial= Head, neck, trunk
Appendicular= Arms and legs

27. Regional Terms
Anterior: front
Posterior: back

28. Directional Terms

29. Directional Terms Superior – toward the head
Inferior – toward the feet
Anterior/ventral – front
Posterior /dorsal– back
Medial – toward the midline
Lateral – toward the side/away from midline
Proximal – toward or nearest the trunk or
point of origin
Distal – away from or farthest from trunk or
Superficial – nearest the surface
Deep – farther away from surface

30. Body Planes
Sagittal – lengthwise, front to back, divides body into left and right sides,
* Midsagittal (sagittal section in middle)
Coronal/Frontal – lengthwise, side to side, divides body into anterior and posterior portions; frontal plane
Transverse – crosswise, divides body or parts into upper and lower parts; horizontal plane

31. Body Cavities Body cavities are internal chambers holding vital organs
Cavities protect vital organs
Cavities allow organs to change in shape and size
Two body cavities
Dorsal body cavity (back side) includes the cranial cavity and the spinal cavity
Ventral body cavity (front side) includes the thoracic cavity (chest) and the abdominopelvic (stomach and lower abdomen) cavity

32. Body Cavities

33. Abdominopelvic Regions
4 Quadrants
Doctors divide torso into quadrants to describe the site of pain and/or locate internal pathology (tumor)
1. Right upper quadrant (RUQ)
2. Left upper quadrant (LUQ)
3. Right lower quadrant (RLQ)
4. Left lower quadrant (LLQ)

34. Abdominal Regions
Superficial Organs
Right hypochondriac – right lobe of liver, gallbladder
2. Epigastric – right and left lobes of liver, stomach
Left hypochondriac – stomach, large intestine
Right lumbar – large and small intestine
5. Umbilical – transverse colon, small intestine
6. Left lumbar – small intestine, colon
Right iliac – cecum, small intestine
Hypogastric – small intestine, bladder, appendix
9. Left iliac – colon, small intestine

35. Homeostasis Homeostasis is a stable internal environment
Every organism must maintain homeostasis for survival
Homeostatic regulation is responsible for keeping internal environment within certain limits.
Internal environment (ie. body temp, pH, glucose level)
External environment (ie. Weather, fluid surrounding cells)

36. Two general points:
Autoregulation or intrinsic regulation – results when cell, organ or system adjusts its activity automatically.
Extrinsic regulation - results from activity of nervous system or endocrine system

37. Homeostatic regulation involves
A homeostatic regulatory mechanism consist of :
A receptor – senses an environmental change or stimuli.
A control center –processes information supplied by receptor and generates a response (command)
An effector – an organ or cell that responds to the command of control center.
A variation outside the desired range triggers an automatic response to correct the situation
Negative feedback

38. Efferent= exits
Afferent= approaches

39. Negative Feedback
Chief regulators of homeostasis under normal, healthy conditions.
A rise in any given value creates a reaction to lower it until it becomes too low
This causes negative feedback to initiate responses to raise it again.
Negative does not mean ‘bad’, it just means that the actions stops.

40. Negative Feedback: The Control of Body Temperature
Negative feedback: system is shut off

41. Positive Feedback: Blood Clotting
In positive feedback an initial stimulus produces a response that enhances the change in the original condition. For instance:
Damage to blood vessel wall will cause release of chemicals.
Chemicals will trigger blood clotting
Clotting process increases release of chemicals
More chemicals means accelerated clotting
Accelerated clotting means more chemicals
Positive feedback: reaction continues at a faster rate

42. Negative Feedback Positive Feedback
Inhibitor
Oppose change by creating response opposite in direction of initial disturbance
change – temperature drop
response – heat production
initial disturbance – temp fall below normal set point
Stabilize physiological variables
Maintain constant internal environment
Ex: goosebumps, sweating
Positive Feedback
Stimulatory
Amplifies/reinforces change which can be harmful and disastrous
Cause instability and disrupt homeostasis (continuous temp increase)
Ex: sneezing, birth of baby, immune response to infection, blood clot