1. Bones Review

2. How many bones in an average adult body?
206

3. Bone Functions Support: Protection: Movement:
Gives shape to structures (head, chest, arms, legs, etc.)
Bones of the lower limbs, pelvis and vertebral column support the body’s weight.
Protection:
Fused bones of the skull protect your brain and eyes
Vertebra surround your spinal cord
Rib cage protects the vital organs of the thorax
Movement:
Bones act as sites for attachment (muscles and tendons), allows for movement
Mineral and Growth Factor Storage:
Bone is a reservoir for minerals (calcium and phosphate)
“deposits” and “withdrawals”
Blood Cell Formation:
Hematopoiesis (blood cell formation) occurs in the red marrow
Triglyceride (fat) storage:
Used as a source of energy

4. 1 2 3 4

5. Structure of a long Bone
Articular cartilage 4
Red Marrow
(Hematopoiesis ) 2
Proximal epiphysis
Spongy Bone
Epiphyseal line 5
Periosteum
Compact bone
Medulary cavity 6 1
Diaphysis 7
Yellow Marrow
1. A dense, fibrous membrane covering bone
2. Contains blood vessels
3. Essential for bone cell survival and bone formation 3
Distal epiphysis

6. Spongy Bone 1

7. Compact Bone

8. 1 3 2 4

9. 1 2

10. Classification Of Bones3 1 2 4

12. Bone Formation 1
ossification begins (the mineral matter deposited replaces the cartilage)

13. 1 2

14. Bone Marrow Yellow marrow Red marrow – hematopoietic tissue
Medullary cavity of long bones
Fat storage
Red marrow – hematopoietic tissue
In children – in all spongy bone
In adults – in the spongy bone of the vertebrae, hips, sternum, ribs, cranial bones, proximal ends of femur, and humerus
3. Forms red blood cells (RBCs), platelets, some white blood cells (WBCs), and destroys old RBCs and some foreign materials

15. Osteomalacia
A group of disorders in which bones are inadequately mineralized
Rickets
Analogous disease in children
More severe (due to rapid bone growth)
Bowed legs, deformities of the pelvis, skull & rib cage
Caused by insufficient calcium in the diet or by vitamin D deficiency

16. 1 2

17. Osteoporosis Effects Age Women Postmenopausal women
Older individuals, BMD decreases as we age
Peek BMD by 25 years old
Women
also happens in men but less often
Postmenopausal women
Reduction of estrogen (sex hormone), estrogen helps to maintain normal density
Smoking reduces estrogen
Nutrition and Exercise
Diet rich in calcium and protein
Vitamin D
Avoid: caffeine, alcohol, tobacco, sodas,
Weight bearing exercises (walking, jogging, sports)
Race
Caucasian
Asian (petite body form)
Osteoporosis has traditionally been treated with calcium and vitamin D supplements, weight-bearing exercise, and hormone (estrogen) replacement therapy (HRT).
HRT only slows the loss of bone but does not reverse it.
Increased risk of heart attack, stroke, and breast cancer is associated with estrogen replacement therapy

18. The Skull Find Frontal bone Ethmoid bone Parietal, left and right1 11
Find
Frontal bone
Ethmoid bone
Parietal, left and right
Temporal, left and right
Nasal
Maxilla (maxillary)
Mandible
Zygomatic
Occipital
Sphenoid
Fontanel 10 2 9 3 8 7 4 6 5

19. The Ear 1. Malleus (2) – the hammer 2. Incus (2) – the anvil
3. Stapes (2) – the stirrups 2 3 1

20. Name that bone?
a U-shaped bone in the neck at the base of the tongue; the only bone that does not touch another bone, acts as a movable base for the tongue; raise and lowers the larynx during swallowing and speech 1

21. Bones of the Vertebral Column1 2 3 4 5

22. Where would you find the Axis?
Which vertebra can be are forked?
Which vertebra attach to ribs?
Which are the largest?
What is the name of the cartilaginous structure found between vertebra?

23. 1 2 6
(x3) 5 3 4

24. Rib attached to vertebra
costal cartilage attaches the ribs to the sternum

25. 1

26. Shoulder girdle 1 4 3 5 2

27. 2 1 3 4 5 6 7

28. 1 4 2 3

29. 2 1

30. 1 2 3 4 5

31. Male vs. Female Bones

32. Male vs. Female

33. Male vs. Female

34. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

35. Foot Bone 1 2

36. Femur 1 2 3 4 5 6