1. Hypothalamus and pituitary Fig.7-11

2. Posterior pituitary Fig.7-12 HYPOTHALAMUS Vein POSTERIOR PITUITARY

3. Anterior pituitary Fig.7-12 Endocrine cells Neurons Portal vessels HYPOTHALAMUS Veins Artery ANTERIOR PITUITARY POSTERIOR PITUITARY Capillary bed TO TARGET ORGANS

4. Adrenal gland Fig. 23-1 Adrenal cortex Adrenal medulla

5. Goiter

7. Bone growth Fig. 23-16 Epiphysis Diaphysis Epiphyseal plate Diaphysis Compact bone Osteoblast Chondrocyte Cartilage Bone growth Newly calcified bone Direction of growth Osteoblasts Old chondrocytes Chondrocytes Dividing chondrocytes

8. Acromegaly Fig. 23-14

9. Functions of muscle Fig. 12-2 Flexion Extension Biceps muscle contracts (flexor) Triceps muscle relaxes Triceps muscle contracts (extensor) Biceps muscle relaxes

10. Functions of muscle Fig. 12-2 Peristalsis Vasoconstriction Hydrostatic Pressure

11. Types of muscle Fig. 12-1 Nucleus Muscle fiber (cell) Striations Skeletal muscle

12. Types of muscle Fig. 12-1 Muscle fiber Nucleus Striations Cardiac muscle Intercalated disk

13. Types of muscle Fig. 12-1 Muscle fiber Nucleus Smooth muscle

14. Muscle structure Fig. 12-3 Skeletal muscle Muscle fascicle: bundle of fibers Muscle fiber Connective tissue Tendon Nerve and blood vessels Nucleus

15. Muscle structure Fig. 12-3 T-tubules Sarcoplasmic reticulum Sarcolemma Mitochondria Myofibril Thick filament Thin filament Nucleus ULTRASTRUCTURE OF MUSCLE

16. Muscle structure Myofibril Z disk Sarcomere Thin filaments Tropomyosin Troponin Actin chain G-actin molecule Myosin tail Myosin heads Myosin molecule Thick filaments Hinge region Titin M line Myosin crossbridges M line Fig. 12-3

17. Cross-bridge cycle Fig. 12-9 ADP Actin moves Cytosolic Ca 2+ Tropomyosin shifts, exposing binding site on actin TN Power stroke Initiation of contraction Troponin G-Actin Tropomyosin blocks binding site on actin Myosin head TN Relaxed state. Myosin head cocked. Pi 1 2 3 4 5

18. Sarcomere contraction Fig. 12-8