1. Electromagnetics & Space Environment Division – TEC-EES Electromagnetics & Space Environment Division – TEC-EES Observations of the GALILEO radiation environment from MERLIN and SREM instruments David Rodgers, Hugh Evans, Eamonn Daly, Ali Mohammadzadeh, ESA/ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands Keith Ryden, Alex Hands, Clive Dyer QinetiQ Ltd, Farnborough, Hampshire, UK Craig Underwood, Ben Taylor University of Surrey, Guildford, UK

2. Electromagnetics & Space Environment Division – TEC-EES Electromagnetics & Space Environment Division – TEC-EES GALILEO Galileo – Europe’s future Global Navigation Satellite System 23200km altitude circular orbit 3 orbital planes at 56° inclination. 9 equally-spaced operational satellites per plane, plus 1 spare. Radiation Environment Main threat comes from relativistic electrons Electrons are trapped in two belts around the Earth. Galileo orbit lies at and above the outer belt peak. (higher than GPS)

3. Electromagnetics & Space Environment Division – TEC-EES Electromagnetics & Space Environment Division – TEC-EES GIOVE Giove-A and -B Secure the frequencies allocated by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) Verify critical technologies e.g. atomic clocks and signal generator Provide a test signal for ground-based systems. Characterise the radiation environment of the Galileo orbit. Giove-A Giove-B

4. Electromagnetics & Space Environment Division – TEC-EES Electromagnetics & Space Environment Division – TEC-EES MERLIN Developed by QinetiQ Evolution of the SURF and CREDO instruments Mass – 1kg (2kg including CAN bus and additional shielding) Launched on Giove-A 28th Dec 2005. Electron monitor 3x70mm ø aluminium plates 2 sensitivity ranges RadFETS 3mm Al and 6mm Al shielding Unbiased

5. Electromagnetics & Space Environment Division – TEC-EES Electromagnetics & Space Environment Division – TEC-EES MERLIN Two telescopes -Heavy Ion LET -Proton Flux Each Telescope - Two large-area planar silicon diodes Species discrimination through pulse-height analysis Non-coincidence channels Coincident channels Protons: 40-100MeV LET: 16 channels 100 – 20000 MeV/g/cm2

6. Electromagnetics & Space Environment Division – TEC-EES Electromagnetics & Space Environment Division – TEC-EES SREM Developed by Oerlikon/Contraves and PSI (Switzerland) Evolution of REM One of a set of near-identical instruments purchased by ESA. Mass 2.5kg Power <2W Launched on Giove-B on 26th April 2008 Previously launched on Integral, STRV- 1C, Proba-1 and Rosetta 3 x Si surface barrier detectors >0.5MeV electrons >10MeV protons >150MeV ions

7. Electromagnetics & Space Environment Division – TEC-EES Electromagnetics & Space Environment Division – TEC-EES Giove-B SREM count-rate for 1 day (~ >0.8, >2.0 >2.8MeV)

8. Electromagnetics & Space Environment Division – TEC-EES Electromagnetics & Space Environment Division – TEC-EES Solar wind velocity SREM (>0.8 MeV, >2 MeV and >2.8 MeV) MERLIN (>0.8MeV, >1.0MeV and >1.6MeV) 13-17 June 2008

9. Electromagnetics & Space Environment Division – TEC-EES Electromagnetics & Space Environment Division – TEC-EES MERLIN currents [>0.8 (white), >1.0 (dark green) and >1.6MeV (red)] and doses [3mm (light green) and 6mm (pink) Al equivalent]. 2007

10. Electromagnetics & Space Environment Division – TEC-EES Electromagnetics & Space Environment Division – TEC-EES >40MeV protons, >1.6MeV electrons and dose under 6mm Al

11. Electromagnetics & Space Environment Division – TEC-EES Electromagnetics & Space Environment Division – TEC-EES >0.8MeV electrons and “hardness index” plate1/plate3 1/8/06 – 1/1/07

12. Electromagnetics & Space Environment Division – TEC-EES Electromagnetics & Space Environment Division – TEC-EES SREM electron data (>2MeV) from GIOVE-B (red) and INTEGRAL (green)

13. Electromagnetics & Space Environment Division – TEC-EES Electromagnetics & Space Environment Division – TEC-EES Cumulative charge – AE8MAX and MERLIN

14. Electromagnetics & Space Environment Division – TEC-EES Electromagnetics & Space Environment Division – TEC-EES Cumulative charge – AE8MAX and MERLIN

15. Electromagnetics & Space Environment Division – TEC-EES Electromagnetics & Space Environment Division – TEC-EES Cumulative charge – AE8MAX and MERLIN

16. Electromagnetics & Space Environment Division – TEC-EES Electromagnetics & Space Environment Division – TEC-EES Plate 1 (>0.8MeV) Plate 3 (>1.6MeV) FLUMIC v2 comparison

17. Electromagnetics & Space Environment Division – TEC-EES Electromagnetics & Space Environment Division – TEC-EES Conclusions A new radiation environment is being explored. Merlin and SREM are returning good-quality data. There is good agreement between the datasets. Spacecraft in the Galileo orbit are subject to frequent space weather enhancements of the outer belt in response to changes in the solar wind. Electron enhancements are the dominant source of dose. Hardening of electron spectra during enhancements is typically seen. These instruments can tell us about space weather and the long term environment.

18. Electromagnetics & Space Environment Division – TEC-EES Electromagnetics & Space Environment Division – TEC-EES Conclusions FLUMIC2 model –may be too conservative for >0.8MeV electrons –exceeded by CME-related enhancement –consider yearly maximum for FLUMIC, for this orbit AE-8 model –conservative ~0.8 MeV –under-predicts at higher energy Divergence from the AE-8 model is within model uncertainties (factor 2- 3) A small fraction of one solar has been monitored. –Further monitoring with IOV/FOC are planned –EMU - a Merlin-like instrument

19. Electromagnetics & Space Environment Division – TEC-EES Electromagnetics & Space Environment Division – TEC-EES END

20. Electromagnetics & Space Environment Division – TEC-EES Electromagnetics & Space Environment Division – TEC-EES Abstract The GIOVE satellites (A, B) are test satellites for the European Galileo constellation. It is recognized that the Galileo orbital radiation environment is particularly severe and therefore these satellites carry environment monitoring equipment. This contribution will present some of the observations made and discuss what they teach us about the environment expected for the final Galileo constellation.

21. Electromagnetics & Space Environment Division – TEC-EES Electromagnetics & Space Environment Division – TEC-EES CEDEX and MERLIN for the first 5 months of 2006.

22. Electromagnetics & Space Environment Division – TEC-EES Electromagnetics & Space Environment Division – TEC-EES MERLIN currents [>0.8 (red), >1.0 (blue) and >1.6MeV (black)] and doses [3mm (orange) and 6mm (yellow) Al equivalent].

23. Electromagnetics & Space Environment Division – TEC-EES Electromagnetics & Space Environment Division – TEC-EES >1MeV electron flux according to AE-8.

24. Electromagnetics & Space Environment Division – TEC-EES Electromagnetics & Space Environment Division – TEC-EES

25. Electromagnetics & Space Environment Division – TEC-EES Electromagnetics & Space Environment Division – TEC-EES ONERA MEOv2 and AE-8 model spectra for the GPS orbit.

26. Electromagnetics & Space Environment Division – TEC-EES Electromagnetics & Space Environment Division – TEC-EES Data Processing Merlin data processed by SSTL/UoS in collaboration with QinetiQ Data products provided to the Galileo Project PSI access SREM data