1. Comparing the recent basaltic soils of parts of NSW with deeply weathered soils of Western Australia

2. Australian soils tend to be: Old Salty clayey - except in the west of the continent where they tend to be sandy Acidic nutritionally and organically impoverished structurally challenging

3. Basaltic soils of East Coast Pockets of recently formed basaltic soils exist in parts the East Coast of Australia. Recent volcanic activity - oldest extinct volcano found in Northern Queensland 33 mil yrs oldn Youngest in Victoria 10 mil yrs old (Australia moved over hotspot) Eg Mt Warning Tweed Coast is a remnant of a volcano that spewed lava around 20 million years ago.

5. Australian plate is moving North at around 7cm per yr

6. Basaltic Soil Parent rock basalt (mafic) Fine textured Deep red/ chocolate colour High in nutrients (high level of calcium phosphate which acts like fertilizer) Very fertile

7. Deeply weathered laterite soils of Western Australia Parent rock generally granite (felsic) Laterite (soil residue composed of secondary iron oxides) Coarse texture Old (long time of weathering, leaching) Nutrient poor Colour red (due to oxidation of iron) Rich in Aluminium and Iron

9. Australian soils have been subject to extensive degradation due to such practices as; overgrazing, over cultivation, tree clearing, and irrigation. A continuous cover of vegetation on the soil results in the most stable situation. However this is not possible for many land uses, particularly those in the agricultural sector. Major forms of degradation: wind and water erosionwater erosion reduced fertilityreduced fertility because of nutrient loss physical breakdown of soil structure soil acidification salinisation

10. Soil Erosion Is the movement of particles Of soil, surface sediments and rocks by the action of water, glaciers, winds, waves and so on

11. Wind erosion

12. Sheet erosion Removal of uniform layer of soil over a wide area. Usually caused by rainfall (rain drop splash) Removes the top soil layer (bulk of nutrients)

13. Rill Erosion Numerous small channels

14. Gully Erosion Removal of soil by a concentrated flow Of water with a sufficient velocity to cut Large channels