1. Chapter 3
Migration

2. Why People Migrate Reasons for migrating Distance of migration
Push & pull factors
• Economic • Cultural • Environmental
– Intervening obstacles
Distance of migration
Internal migration
International migration
Characteristics of migrants
Gender
Family status

3. Refugees: Sources & Destinations
Fig. 3-1: Major source and destination areas of both international and internal refugees.

4. Hurricane Katrina Migrants
A major natural disaster represents an environmental push factor for forced migration.

5. Scene from The Grapes of Wrath
The Dust Bowl in the 1930s led to forced migration from the Great Plains to California and elsewhere.

6. Impact of immigration on the U.S.
Legacy of European migration
Undocumented immigration
Destination of immigrants within the U.S.

7. Global Migration Patterns
Fig. 3-2: The major flows of migration are from less developed to more developed countries.

8. Net Migration (per population)
Fig. 3-3: Net migration per 1000 population. The U.S. has the largest number of immigrants, but other developed countries also have relatively large numbers.

9. U.S. immigration patterns
3 different time periods:
Colonial immigration
19th-century immigration
Recent immigration

10. Migration to U.S., by Region of Origin
Fig. 3-4: Most migrants to the U.S were from Europe until the 1960s. Since then, Latin America and Asia have become the main sources of immigrants.

11. New York Harbor and Ellis Island
Ellis Island is connected to New Jersey by bridge. Liberty Island and the Statue of Liberty are south of Ellis Island.

12. Ellis Island

13. Immigrants to the US

14. Colonial Immigration from England and Africa
Eur-voluntary, Africans-forced
Jamestown 1607—West Eur at the beginning, mainly Great Britain

15. 19th Century Immigration from Europe
s W. Eur, N. Eur
escape perscutions, harsh conditions
1860’s-80s—Ind Rev occurred, countries entered stage 2
1890’s—90% from Europe, but more from E. Eur. and S. Eur.

16. Recent Immigration from LDC
Immigration from Asia
Immigration from Latin America

17. Migration from Asia to the U.S.
Fig. 3-5: The largest numbers of migrants from Asia come from India, China, the Philippines, and Vietnam.

18. Immigration from Latin America
Currently sends most immigrants to US
Mexico has sent most ever
DR is second and El Salvador is third
1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act, issued visas to several hundred thousand who entered US illegally in previous years.
Leave because of poor conditions and economic opportunities.

19. Migration from Latin America to the U.S.
Fig. 3-6: Mexico has been the largest source of immigrants to the U.S., but immigrants have also come from numerous other Latin American nations.

20. Impact of immigration on the U.S.
Legacy of European Migration
Undocumented immigration
Destination of immigrants within the U.S

21. Legacy of European Migration
Emigrants came after entering stage 2 (ind rev)
“Enclosure Movement” caused immigration
US became Eur. safety valve
Caused diffusion of language, religion, culture, political
Caused conflicts as well.

22. Undocumented immigration
9.3 million illegal, 5.3 mill from Mex.
½ get student or tourist visas and stay
½ sneak across border, get papers for 25 dollars.
Employer must verify each employee

23. Destination of immigrants within the U.S
Most go to NY, CA, FL, TX
Most arrive by ship but now it’s the automobile.
90% of illegals get in by Mex.
Asians to Cal and NY, Mex to border states, Carribean to FL or NY
Chain Migration occurs, job opportunities

24. Undocumented Immigrants in the US
Fig. 3-7: California, Texas, and Florida are the leading destinations for undocumented immigrants to the U.S.

25. U.S. - Mexico Border at Tijuana
The U.S. side of the border is uninhabited and separated from Mexico by a fence

26. U.S. States as Immigrant Destinations
Fig. 3-8: California is the destination of about 25% of all US immigrants; another 25% go to New York and New Jersey. Other important destinations include Florida, Texas, and Illinois.

27. Key issue 3
Why do migrants face obstacles?

28. Obstacles to Migration
Immigration policies of host countries
U.S. quota laws
Temporary migration for work
Time-contract workers
Economic migrants or refugees?
Cultural problems living in other countries
U.S. attitudes to immigrants
Attitudes to guest workers

29. US Quota Laws Quota Act 1921 Orgins Act 1924
Limit the # of people to immigrate to the US
Quotas were designed that most immigrants were from Eur
Eliminated individual quotas from countries now it is hemisphere.
Brain Drain occurs

30. Temporary migration for work
ppl of ldc’s go into Eur and ME to work.
Take low status, low wage jobs
Reduces unemployment in Native country
N. Af to Eur, ME, E. Eur, Asia
Ger and Turk have an agreement.

31. Turkish Kebab Stand in Germany

32. Guest Workers in Europe
Fig. 3-9: Guest workers emigrate mainly from Eastern Europe and North Africa to work in the wealthier countries of Western Europe.

33. Time-contract workers
Millions migrated to work a specific time in a country.---end up staying

34. Economic migrants or refugees?
Important because they are treated diff.
Refugees are given special priority
Emigrants from Cuba: Pol refugees
left at the beginning
1980 – left when Castro let prisoners mental patients to leave
1987—allow 20,000 in each yr

35. Emigrants from Haiti Left because of pol. reasons
Stopped by US, Haitians sued and won
Shot for Guantanamo Bay
US invaded Haiti to help situation

36. Emigrants from Vietnam
Thousands left after war
Some had to leave on boats
couldn’t go to neighboring countries
--1980’s second migration—went to Malaysia, Thailand, HK—still hard because considered boat people economic issues.

37. Migration of Vietnamese Boat People
Fig. 3-11: Many Vietnamese fled by sea as refugees after the war with the U.S. ended in Later boat people were often considered economic migrants.

38. Emigration from China
Fig. 3-10: Various ethnic Chinese peoples have distinct patterns of migration to other Asian countries.

39. Cultural Probs Faced while in Other Countries
Guest Workers of Eur. have same issues as illegals in the US. US
1920’s—E. Eur were inferior
Today: Cal. voted to not give public services to illegal immigrants

40. Anti-Immigration Protest in Spain
Spanish youths attacked Moroccan immigrants in El Ejido, Spain after an alleged murder.

41. Q4 Why do people Migrate w/n a Country?

42. Migration within a Country
Migration between regions of a country
Migration between regions within the U.S
Migration between regions in other countries
Migration within one region
Rural-urban migration
Urban-suburban migration
Migration from metropolitan to nonmetropolitan regions

43. Migration between regions within the U.S
Large scale migration was to the west
Center of pop has steadily moved westward and south.
Moved slower after 1880…areas were harsh and hard to grow crops.
People are moving southward because of Climate and industries.

44. Center of Population in the U.S.
Fig. 3-12: The center of U.S. population has consistently moved westward, with the migration of people to the west. It has also begun to move southward with migration to the southern sunbelt.

45. Echo Canyon, northeastern Utah
Echo Canyon was one of many obstacles to 19th century wagon trains heading west.

46. Interregional Migration in the U.S.
Fig. 3-13: Average annual migrations between regions in the U.S. in 1995 and in 2003

47. U.S. Interregional Migration, 1995

48. U.S. Interregional Migration, 2003

49. Migration between regions in other countries
Russia—Put factories next to Resources and wanted ppl to migrate. People didn’t go because of harsh climate
Brazil—PPL live on coast..want ppl to move inward..created Brasilia and made it the capital.
Indonesia—Most ppl live on Java…Govt gave ppl land, seed and supplies to move to other isalnds. Too hard to live.

50. Brasilia, Brazil
Brasilia was created as Brazil’s new capital in 1960 and since then has attracted thousands of migrants in search of jobs.

51. Europe—Ppl are moving from E to W
Europe—Ppl are moving from E to W. PPL and moving to more centrally located areas for ease of access to other nations.
India—Govt limited migration to keep ethnic gr. away from each other. You need to get a permit to migrate.

52. Migration w/n one region
Rural to Urban
Urban to Suburban’s
Metro to Non Metro

53. Rural-urban migration
Began in late 1800’s
¾ of US is in cities
LDCs are seeing a surge
Sao Paulo has 300,000 ppl a yr
Seeking economic adv.

54. Urban-suburban migration
twice as many ppl move from city to burbs than burbs to cities
Ppl are looking for a lifestyle
Take away farmland.

55. Migration from metropolitan to nonmetropolitan regions
PPL are moving from cities to outskirts ..sm town (Casa Grande).
Technology allow ppl to work from home.
Liefstyle is most important reason
Called counterurbanization
Retirees usually move to this area
Counterurbanization had stopped in US

56. Intraregional Migration in the U.S.
Fig. 3-14: Average annual migration among urban, suburban, and rural areas in the U.S. during the 1990s. The largest flow was from central cities to suburbs.

57. Net Migration by County, 2000-04
Fig. 3-15: Rural counties in the southwest and Florida have had net in-migration, while there has been net out-migration from rural counties in the Great Plains