1. Minerals - Part II

2. 7 Major mineral groups Nature’s most common building block in rock forming minerals is the … Nature’s most common building block in rock forming minerals is the … Silica Tetrahedra SiO 4 Silica Tetrahedra SiO 4

3. 1) Silicate Minerals Quartz is the second most abundant most abundant mineral on the earth’s crust (the most abundant element on the earth’s crust is therefore oxygen)

4. Quartz is used for glass, jewelry and electronics Quartz is used for glass, jewelry and electronics

5. Feldspars Feldspar is the Feldspar is the most abundant “family” of minerals on the earth’s crust. The various feldspar minerals make up over 60 percent of the crust. (Aluminum ions replace silicon ions) (Aluminum ions replace silicon ions)

6. Feldspars Feldspar is used for ceramics (china) and glass Feldspar is used for ceramics (china) and glass

7. Micas Micas Micas are soft silicates found in many rocks - micas most distinctive feature is that it has one cleavage surface – they are pearly and ‘flake’ easily Micas are soft silicates found in many rocks - micas most distinctive feature is that it has one cleavage surface – they are pearly and ‘flake’ easily

8. Micas Micas Micas are used for Micas are used for electronic insulation

10. Amphiboles – complex type in the silica group where iron and magnesium have replaced a silica ion.

12. Carbonates Carbonate mineral group is made up of compounds of one carbon and 3 oxygen atoms (CO 3 ) joined with various metal ions

13. Carbonates react with acid (HCl); calcite reacts strongly with acid, other carbonate minerals react only mildly with acid.

14. Other Carbonate Minerals Dolomite = CaMg(CO 3 ) 2 Dolomite = CaMg(CO 3 ) 2 Siderite = FeCO 3 Siderite = FeCO 3

15. Oxides Metal + oxygen = oxide For example: For example: Hematite = Fe 2 O 3 Franklinite = (Zn,Mn,Fe) 2 + (Fe,Mn) 3 +2O 4 Franklinite = (Zn,Mn,Fe) 2 + (Fe,Mn) 3 +2O 4

16. Sulfides Metal + sulfur = sulfide For Example: For Example: Pyrite = FeS 2

17. Sulfates Sulfur + 4 Oxygen atoms = Sulfate SO 4 For example: Barite = BaSO 4 For example: Barite = BaSO 4

18. Halites (Salts) Compounds of elements and chlorine, fluorine, iodine or bromine For example: table salt = NaCl, potassium salt = KCl

19. Native Elements Elements found uncombined with other elements, For example: Elements found uncombined with other elements, For example: gold silver copper sulfur diamond

20. 7 Mineral Groups (in relative order of abundance) 1. Silicates – minerals that contain silicon & oxygen, and usually one more element 2. Carbonates – contains carbon w/3 oxygen atoms 3. Sulfates – contains sulfur w/four oxygen atoms 4. Halides – compounds of certain elements and chlorine, fluorine, iodine or bromine 5. Oxides – compounds of elements and oxygen (usually rust looking) 6. Sulfides – compounds of elements and sulfur 7. Native Elements – elements found uncombined w/other elements (copper, gold, etc…)

22. Single chain silicates… Single chain silicates…

23. End here End here

24. Look familiar? Felspar… Microcline Microcline Distinguishing feature: the ‘laminae’ – little veins in the mineral the ‘laminae’ – little veins in the mineral

25. Garnet Ca 3 Al 2 (SiO 4 ) 3

26. Look familiar? Hornblende: Hornblende: striated appearance striated appearance hexagonal cross- section hexagonal cross- section Dark-dark green to black Dark-dark green to black

27. Look familiar? Magnetite Magnetite magnetic magnetic

28. Look familiar? Olivine Olivine Light to dark green Light to dark green Really hard (6.5-7) Really hard (6.5-7)

29. Look familiar? Franklinite Franklinite Stubby metallic crystals, usually in calcite Stubby metallic crystals, usually in calcite

30. Look familiar? Zincite Zincite red red vitreous vitreous orange-yellow streak orange-yellow streak Willmenite Willmenite green green strongly fluorescent green strongly fluorescent green